Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is tx2023qlls and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/tx2023qlls/executive.

2023/08/22 22:58:00 31.661 -104.316 7.9 4 Texas

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2023/08/22 22:58:00:0  31.66 -104.32   7.9 4.0 Texas
 
 Stations used:
   4O.BP01 4O.CV01 4O.DB02 4O.DB03 4O.DB04 4O.LWM1 4O.LWM2 
   4O.SA04 4O.SA07 4O.SA09 4O.WB01 4O.WB03 4O.WB06 4O.WB07 
   4O.WB08 4O.WB09 4O.WB11 4O.WB12 4T.NM01 4T.NM03 TX.ALPN 
   TX.MNHN TX.PB01 TX.PB03 TX.PB04 TX.PB05 TX.PB07 TX.PB08 
   TX.PB09 TX.PB11 TX.PB12 TX.PB13 TX.PB16 TX.PB17 TX.PB18 
   TX.PB19 TX.PB22 TX.PB24 TX.PB25 TX.PB28 TX.PB30 TX.PB31 
   TX.PB33 TX.PB34 TX.PB37 TX.PB38 TX.PB40 TX.PB42 TX.PB43 
   TX.PB44 TX.PB51 TX.PCOS TX.PECS TX.VHRN 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.04 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 4.79e+21 dyne-cm
  Mw = 3.72 
  Z  = 7 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      270    60   -85
   NP2       80    30   -99
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   4.79e+21     15     356
    N   0.00e+00      4      87
    P  -4.79e+21     74     193

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     4.13e+21
       Mxy    -3.61e+20
       Mxz     2.38e+21
       Myy    -8.62e+12
       Myz     2.09e+20
       Mzz    -4.13e+21
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ####   #######                  
                 ######## T ###########              
              ###########   ##############           
             ##############################          
           ##################################        
          ####################################       
         ######################################      
        ###########------------------###########     
        ######----------------------------######     
       ###------------------------------------##-    
       #-----------------------------------------    
       -------------------   ------------------##    
       ------------------- P ------------------##    
        ------------------   -----------------##     
        #-----------------------------------####     
         ##--------------------------------####      
          ###---------------------------######       
           #####---------------------########        
             #######-------------##########          
              ############################           
                 ######################              
                     ##############                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -4.13e+21   2.38e+21  -2.09e+20 
  2.38e+21   4.13e+21   3.61e+20 
 -2.09e+20   3.61e+20  -8.62e+12 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20230822225800/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 270
      DIP = 60
     RAKE = -85
       MW = 3.72
       HS = 7.0

The NDK file is 20230822225800.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.
SLU
USGSMWR
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2023/08/22 22:58:00:0  31.66 -104.32   7.9 4.0 Texas
 
 Stations used:
   4O.BP01 4O.CV01 4O.DB02 4O.DB03 4O.DB04 4O.LWM1 4O.LWM2 
   4O.SA04 4O.SA07 4O.SA09 4O.WB01 4O.WB03 4O.WB06 4O.WB07 
   4O.WB08 4O.WB09 4O.WB11 4O.WB12 4T.NM01 4T.NM03 TX.ALPN 
   TX.MNHN TX.PB01 TX.PB03 TX.PB04 TX.PB05 TX.PB07 TX.PB08 
   TX.PB09 TX.PB11 TX.PB12 TX.PB13 TX.PB16 TX.PB17 TX.PB18 
   TX.PB19 TX.PB22 TX.PB24 TX.PB25 TX.PB28 TX.PB30 TX.PB31 
   TX.PB33 TX.PB34 TX.PB37 TX.PB38 TX.PB40 TX.PB42 TX.PB43 
   TX.PB44 TX.PB51 TX.PCOS TX.PECS TX.VHRN 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.04 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 4.79e+21 dyne-cm
  Mw = 3.72 
  Z  = 7 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      270    60   -85
   NP2       80    30   -99
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   4.79e+21     15     356
    N   0.00e+00      4      87
    P  -4.79e+21     74     193

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     4.13e+21
       Mxy    -3.61e+20
       Mxz     2.38e+21
       Myy    -8.62e+12
       Myz     2.09e+20
       Mzz    -4.13e+21
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ####   #######                  
                 ######## T ###########              
              ###########   ##############           
             ##############################          
           ##################################        
          ####################################       
         ######################################      
        ###########------------------###########     
        ######----------------------------######     
       ###------------------------------------##-    
       #-----------------------------------------    
       -------------------   ------------------##    
       ------------------- P ------------------##    
        ------------------   -----------------##     
        #-----------------------------------####     
         ##--------------------------------####      
          ###---------------------------######       
           #####---------------------########        
             #######-------------##########          
              ############################           
                 ######################              
                     ##############                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -4.13e+21   2.38e+21  -2.09e+20 
  2.38e+21   4.13e+21   3.61e+20 
 -2.09e+20   3.61e+20  -8.62e+12 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20230822225800/index.html
	
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)
Moment 5.142e+14 N-m
Magnitude 3.74 Mwr
Depth 9.0 km
Percent DC 98%
Half Duration -
Catalog US
Data Source US 2
Contributor US 2

Nodal Planes
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 85 37 -97
NP2 274 53 -85

Principal Axes
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 5.166e+14 N-m 8 360
N -0.047e+14 N-m 4 90
P -5.119e+14 N-m 81 207

        

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

mLg Magnitude


Left: mLg computed using the IASPEI formula. Center: mLg residuals versus epicentral distance ; the values used for the trimmed mean magnitude estimate are indicated. Right: residuals as a function of distance and azimuth.

ML Magnitude


Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.


Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.04 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   355    90   -15   3.28 0.2006
WVFGRD96    2.0   355    45    85   3.44 0.2272
WVFGRD96    3.0   325    80   -70   3.59 0.3017
WVFGRD96    4.0    95    20   -90   3.67 0.4168
WVFGRD96    5.0    90    25   -95   3.69 0.4969
WVFGRD96    6.0    85    30   -95   3.70 0.5419
WVFGRD96    7.0   270    60   -85   3.72 0.5640
WVFGRD96    8.0    80    30  -100   3.80 0.5603
WVFGRD96    9.0   270    60   -85   3.80 0.5559
WVFGRD96   10.0   275    55   -80   3.81 0.5428
WVFGRD96   11.0   275    55   -80   3.82 0.5201
WVFGRD96   12.0   270    50   -85   3.83 0.4930
WVFGRD96   13.0   270    50   -85   3.83 0.4624
WVFGRD96   14.0   270    45   -85   3.83 0.4305
WVFGRD96   15.0    85    45   -90   3.83 0.4005
WVFGRD96   16.0    90    50   -85   3.83 0.3745
WVFGRD96   17.0    90    50   -85   3.83 0.3517
WVFGRD96   18.0    95    55   -75   3.83 0.3324
WVFGRD96   19.0    95    55   -75   3.84 0.3164
WVFGRD96   20.0   100    55   -70   3.84 0.3026
WVFGRD96   21.0   100    55   -70   3.85 0.2935
WVFGRD96   22.0   100    55   -70   3.86 0.2830
WVFGRD96   23.0   100    55   -70   3.86 0.2726
WVFGRD96   24.0   100    60   -70   3.87 0.2636
WVFGRD96   25.0   105    65   -65   3.88 0.2549
WVFGRD96   26.0   105    65   -65   3.88 0.2478
WVFGRD96   27.0   105    70   -70   3.89 0.2405
WVFGRD96   28.0   110    70   -65   3.89 0.2346
WVFGRD96   29.0   110    70   -65   3.90 0.2283

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    7.0   270    60   -85   3.72 0.5640

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.04 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
Last Changed Tue Apr 23 03:01:07 AM CDT 2024