Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is ak02326457m5 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak02326457m5/executive.

2023/02/16 23:32:34 61.527 -150.544 65.1 4 Alaska

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2023/02/16 23:32:34:0 61.53 -150.54 65.1 4.0 Alaska Stations used: AK.CAPN AK.CUT AK.FIRE AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.KNK AK.L22K AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.SCM AK.SKN AK.SLK AT.PMR AV.STLK Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.06 n 3 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.43e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.29 Z = 82 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 222 78 -118 NP2 110 30 -25 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.43e+22 28 334 N 0.00e+00 27 228 P -3.43e+22 50 102 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 2.11e+22 Mxy -7.87e+21 Mxz 1.60e+22 Myy -8.52e+21 Myz -2.28e+22 Mzz -1.25e+22 ############## ###################### ###### ################### ####### T ################---- ######### #############--------- ########################------------ #######################--------------- ######################------------------ ####################-------------------- --#################----------------------- --################------------------------ ---#############------------- ---------- ---############-------------- P ---------- ---#########---------------- --------- -----######----------------------------- -----####----------------------------- ------#----------------------------# -----###-----------------------### --########---------------##### ############################ ###################### ############## Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -1.25e+22 1.60e+22 2.28e+22 1.60e+22 2.11e+22 7.87e+21 2.28e+22 7.87e+21 -8.52e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20230216233234/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 110
      DIP = 30
     RAKE = -25
       MW = 4.29
       HS = 82.0

The NDK file is 20230216233234.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3 
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2

The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    2.0    95    50   -45   3.60 0.2991
WVFGRD96    4.0    95    70   -60   3.72 0.3303
WVFGRD96    6.0   125    55    40   3.72 0.3611
WVFGRD96    8.0    85    50   -65   3.81 0.3836
WVFGRD96   10.0   130    55    45   3.78 0.4059
WVFGRD96   12.0   125    60    40   3.78 0.4122
WVFGRD96   14.0   120    65    35   3.77 0.4164
WVFGRD96   16.0   120    60    30   3.78 0.4202
WVFGRD96   18.0   120    60    30   3.79 0.4235
WVFGRD96   20.0   120    60    25   3.80 0.4258
WVFGRD96   22.0   105    65   -30   3.83 0.4390
WVFGRD96   24.0   105    65   -30   3.84 0.4464
WVFGRD96   26.0   105    65   -30   3.86 0.4517
WVFGRD96   28.0   105    60   -30   3.87 0.4544
WVFGRD96   30.0   105    60   -30   3.89 0.4560
WVFGRD96   32.0   105    60   -25   3.90 0.4555
WVFGRD96   34.0   105    60   -25   3.92 0.4524
WVFGRD96   36.0   105    60   -25   3.94 0.4457
WVFGRD96   38.0   120    55     5   3.93 0.4396
WVFGRD96   40.0   100    50   -35   4.05 0.4526
WVFGRD96   42.0   115    40   -15   4.05 0.4586
WVFGRD96   44.0   110    35   -25   4.08 0.4687
WVFGRD96   46.0   105    35   -30   4.10 0.4823
WVFGRD96   48.0   105    35   -30   4.12 0.4977
WVFGRD96   50.0   100    35   -40   4.14 0.5145
WVFGRD96   52.0   100    35   -40   4.16 0.5314
WVFGRD96   54.0   100    35   -40   4.17 0.5467
WVFGRD96   56.0   100    35   -35   4.18 0.5610
WVFGRD96   58.0   100    35   -35   4.19 0.5745
WVFGRD96   60.0   105    35   -30   4.20 0.5860
WVFGRD96   62.0   105    35   -30   4.21 0.5970
WVFGRD96   64.0   105    35   -30   4.22 0.6055
WVFGRD96   66.0   105    35   -30   4.23 0.6141
WVFGRD96   68.0   105    35   -30   4.24 0.6203
WVFGRD96   70.0   105    35   -25   4.24 0.6254
WVFGRD96   72.0   110    35   -25   4.25 0.6305
WVFGRD96   74.0   110    35   -25   4.26 0.6343
WVFGRD96   76.0   110    35   -25   4.27 0.6363
WVFGRD96   78.0   110    30   -25   4.27 0.6382
WVFGRD96   80.0   110    30   -25   4.28 0.6394
WVFGRD96   82.0   110    30   -25   4.29 0.6395
WVFGRD96   84.0   110    30   -25   4.29 0.6381
WVFGRD96   86.0   115    30   -20   4.30 0.6362
WVFGRD96   88.0   115    30   -20   4.30 0.6328
WVFGRD96   90.0   115    30   -20   4.31 0.6284
WVFGRD96   92.0   115    35   -20   4.31 0.6231
WVFGRD96   94.0   115    35   -20   4.31 0.6174
WVFGRD96   96.0   115    35   -20   4.31 0.6112
WVFGRD96   98.0   115    35   -20   4.31 0.6048

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   82.0   110    30   -25   4.29 0.6395

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3 
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00

Last Changed Mon Apr 22 09:43:07 PM CDT 2024