Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is uu60497322 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/uu60497322/executive.

2022/05/11 13:32:02 44.681 -109.996 13.9 4.22 Wyoming

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2022/05/11 13:32:02:0 44.68 -110.00 13.9 4.2 Wyoming Stations used: IM.PD31 IW.DLMT IW.FLWY IW.FXWY IW.IMW IW.LOHW IW.MOOW IW.SNOW IW.TPAW MB.GBMT MB.HLMT MB.SRMT US.BOZ US.BW06 US.EGMT US.HLID US.HWUT US.MSO US.RLMT UU.SPU UU.TCU WY.YHB WY.YMR WY.YNE Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.025 n 3 lp c 0.05 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.67e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.31 Z = 27 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 310 65 65 NP2 178 35 132 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.67e+22 62 181 N 0.00e+00 23 321 P -3.67e+22 16 58 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -1.11e+21 Mxy -1.50e+22 Mxz -2.06e+22 Myy -2.44e+22 Myz -8.73e+21 Mzz 2.55e+22 ###----------- #####----------------- ######---------------------- ######------------------------ ------###------------------------- ------########------------------ - -------###########--------------- P -- -------###############------------ --- -------#################---------------- -------####################--------------- -------######################------------- -------########################----------- --------########################---------- -------########### ############------- -------########### T #############------ -------########## #############----- -------##########################--- -------##########################- ------######################## -------##################### ------################ -----######### Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 2.55e+22 -2.06e+22 8.73e+21 -2.06e+22 -1.11e+21 1.50e+22 8.73e+21 1.50e+22 -2.44e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20220511133202/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 310
      DIP = 65
     RAKE = 65
       MW = 4.31
       HS = 27.0

The NDK file is 20220511133202.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.025 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3

The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   125    50   -85   3.96 0.2148
WVFGRD96    2.0   285    45   -95   4.05 0.2572
WVFGRD96    3.0   120    45   -75   4.12 0.2571
WVFGRD96    4.0   130    50   -65   4.15 0.2341
WVFGRD96    5.0   265    35    35   4.15 0.2153
WVFGRD96    6.0   265    35    35   4.15 0.2198
WVFGRD96    7.0   325    20    90   4.13 0.2258
WVFGRD96    8.0   145    70    90   4.20 0.2417
WVFGRD96    9.0   145    70    85   4.20 0.2577
WVFGRD96   10.0   150    70    85   4.20 0.2745
WVFGRD96   11.0   105    80   -65   4.21 0.2907
WVFGRD96   12.0   105    75   -65   4.22 0.3096
WVFGRD96   13.0   105    75   -65   4.23 0.3265
WVFGRD96   14.0   105    75   -65   4.24 0.3410
WVFGRD96   15.0   105    75   -60   4.25 0.3538
WVFGRD96   16.0   105    75   -60   4.25 0.3647
WVFGRD96   17.0   110    80   -60   4.25 0.3742
WVFGRD96   18.0   110    80   -60   4.25 0.3825
WVFGRD96   19.0   310    70    60   4.25 0.3907
WVFGRD96   20.0   310    65    60   4.27 0.4014
WVFGRD96   21.0   310    65    60   4.28 0.4088
WVFGRD96   22.0   310    65    65   4.28 0.4168
WVFGRD96   23.0   310    65    65   4.29 0.4233
WVFGRD96   24.0   310    65    65   4.29 0.4282
WVFGRD96   25.0   310    65    65   4.30 0.4318
WVFGRD96   26.0   310    65    65   4.30 0.4340
WVFGRD96   27.0   310    65    65   4.31 0.4350
WVFGRD96   28.0   310    65    65   4.31 0.4347
WVFGRD96   29.0   310    65    65   4.32 0.4333
WVFGRD96   30.0   310    65    65   4.32 0.4305
WVFGRD96   31.0   310    65    65   4.33 0.4268
WVFGRD96   32.0   310    65    65   4.33 0.4221
WVFGRD96   33.0   305    70    65   4.33 0.4167
WVFGRD96   34.0   310    70    65   4.33 0.4111
WVFGRD96   35.0   310    70    65   4.34 0.4056
WVFGRD96   36.0   310    70    65   4.34 0.4002
WVFGRD96   37.0   310    70    65   4.34 0.3947
WVFGRD96   38.0   310    70    65   4.35 0.3893
WVFGRD96   39.0   310    70    65   4.35 0.3843
WVFGRD96   40.0   305    80    70   4.47 0.3773
WVFGRD96   41.0   310    75    75   4.47 0.3712
WVFGRD96   42.0   310    75    75   4.47 0.3649
WVFGRD96   43.0   310    75    70   4.47 0.3586
WVFGRD96   44.0   310    75    70   4.47 0.3523
WVFGRD96   45.0   310    75    70   4.48 0.3457
WVFGRD96   46.0   310    75    70   4.48 0.3392
WVFGRD96   47.0   310    75    70   4.48 0.3326
WVFGRD96   48.0   310    75    70   4.48 0.3260
WVFGRD96   49.0   315    75    70   4.48 0.3196

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   27.0   310    65    65   4.31 0.4350

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.025 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00

Last Changed Wed Apr 24 10:34:35 PM CDT 2024