Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is us6000c97v and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000c97v/executive.

2020/10/18 16:46:37 62.255 -124.413 2.2 4 Canada, NWT

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2020/10/18 16:46:37:0  62.26 -124.41   2.2 4.0 Canada, NWT
 
 Stations used:
   1E.MONT8 AK.BESE AK.CHX AK.GRNC AK.I26K AK.I27K AK.JIS 
   AK.K27K AK.L26K AK.M26K AK.M27K AK.MCAR AK.PIN AK.PNL 
   AK.R32K AK.RKAV AK.S31K AK.S32K AK.SAMH AK.TABL AK.U33K 
   AK.V35K AT.SIT AT.SKAG CN.BMTB CN.BRWY CN.BVCY CN.DAWY 
   CN.DLBC CN.FNSB CN.FSJB CN.HYT CN.NAB2 CN.NAHA CN.NBC1 
   CN.NBC8 CN.PLBC CN.RUBB CN.WHY CN.YUK2 CN.YUK3 CN.YUK6 
   CN.YUK7 EO.FSJ2 NY.MMPY NY.WGLY NY.WTLY RV.SNUFA TA.E29M 
   TA.F30M TA.F31M TA.H29M TA.I28M TA.I29M TA.J29N TA.J30M 
   TA.K29M TA.L27K TA.L29M TA.M29M TA.M31M TA.N30M TA.N31M 
   TA.N32M TA.O28M TA.O29M TA.P29M TA.P30M TA.P32M TA.P33M 
   TA.Q32M TA.R31K TA.R33M TA.S34M TA.T33K TA.T35M US.WRAK 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.06 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 1.14e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 3.97 
  Z  = 4 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      310    70    80
   NP2      157    22   116
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   1.14e+22     64     204
    N   0.00e+00      9     313
    P  -1.14e+22     24      48

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -2.39e+21
       Mxy    -3.86e+21
       Mxz    -6.99e+21
       Myy    -4.79e+21
       Myz    -4.99e+21
       Mzz     7.18e+21
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     --------------                  
                 #---------------------              
              ##--------------------------           
             ##----------------------------          
           ---####--------------------   ----        
          ---#########---------------- P -----       
         ---#############-------------   ------      
        ----################--------------------     
        ---###################------------------     
       ----######################----------------    
       ----########################--------------    
       ----#########################-------------    
       -----##########################-----------    
        ----############   ############---------     
        -----########### T ##############-------     
         -----##########   ###############-----      
          -----############################---       
           -----############################-        
             -----#########################          
              ------######################           
                 -------###############              
                     ---------####-                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
  7.18e+21  -6.99e+21   4.99e+21 
 -6.99e+21  -2.39e+21   3.86e+21 
  4.99e+21   3.86e+21  -4.79e+21 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20201018164637/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 310
      DIP = 70
     RAKE = 80
       MW = 3.97
       HS = 4.0

The NDK file is 20201018164637.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

mLg Magnitude


Left: mLg computed using the IASPEI formula. Center: mLg residuals versus epicentral distance ; the values used for the trimmed mean magnitude estimate are indicated. Right: residuals as a function of distance and azimuth.

ML Magnitude


Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.


Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3 
The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   120    15    60   4.04 0.6473
WVFGRD96    2.0   305    75    80   4.01 0.6471
WVFGRD96    3.0   305    75    80   3.99 0.6625
WVFGRD96    4.0   310    70    80   3.97 0.6698
WVFGRD96    5.0   310    70    80   3.96 0.6694
WVFGRD96    6.0   315    65    85   3.96 0.6612
WVFGRD96    7.0   310    65    85   3.95 0.6503
WVFGRD96    8.0   310    65    85   3.94 0.6368
WVFGRD96    9.0   310    65    85   3.92 0.6186
WVFGRD96   10.0   310    65    85   3.95 0.6124
WVFGRD96   11.0   305    70    75   3.92 0.5935
WVFGRD96   12.0   235    40   -75   4.00 0.5860
WVFGRD96   13.0   315    50   -80   3.97 0.5951
WVFGRD96   14.0   120    40  -100   3.97 0.6039
WVFGRD96   15.0   315    50   -80   3.96 0.6058
WVFGRD96   16.0   315    50   -85   3.96 0.6039
WVFGRD96   17.0   320    50   -75   3.96 0.5990
WVFGRD96   18.0   320    50   -75   3.96 0.5923
WVFGRD96   19.0   320    50   -75   3.97 0.5837
WVFGRD96   20.0   325    55   -70   3.99 0.5735
WVFGRD96   21.0   325    55   -70   3.99 0.5660
WVFGRD96   22.0   325    55   -70   3.99 0.5569
WVFGRD96   23.0   325    55   -70   3.99 0.5468
WVFGRD96   24.0   325    55   -70   3.99 0.5361
WVFGRD96   25.0   325    55   -65   4.00 0.5249
WVFGRD96   26.0   330    55   -65   4.00 0.5132
WVFGRD96   27.0   330    55   -60   4.00 0.5016
WVFGRD96   28.0   330    55   -60   4.00 0.4896
WVFGRD96   29.0   330    55   -60   4.01 0.4772

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    4.0   310    70    80   3.97 0.6698

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
Last Changed Thu Apr 25 10:28:31 PM CDT 2024