Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is ak019ddm26qz and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak019ddm26qz/executive.

2019/10/18 21:28:44 66.312 -157.186 7.2 3.8 Alaska

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2019/10/18 21:28:44:0 66.31 -157.19 7.2 3.8 Alaska Stations used: AK.ANM AK.COLD AK.H21K AK.J19K AK.J20K AK.K20K AK.KTH AK.RDOG TA.C16K TA.C18K TA.C19K TA.D19K TA.D20K TA.D22K TA.D23K TA.E18K TA.E19K TA.E22K TA.E23K TA.F15K TA.F17K TA.F19K TA.F21K TA.F24K TA.G16K TA.G18K TA.G21K TA.G23K TA.H17K TA.H18K TA.H19K TA.I17K TA.I20K TA.I21K TA.J18K Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 6.53e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.81 Z = 10 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 262 62 -139 NP2 150 55 -35 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 6.53e+21 4 24 N 0.00e+00 42 291 P -6.53e+21 48 119 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 4.68e+21 Mxy 3.72e+21 Mxz 2.02e+21 Myy -1.16e+21 Myz -2.64e+21 Mzz -3.52e+21 ############## ################## T # ---################## #### ---########################### -----############################# ------############################## -------############################### --------########-----------------####### ---------#----------------------------## -------###-------------------------------- ----#######------------------------------- --##########------------------------------ -###########----------------- ---------- ############---------------- P --------- ##############-------------- --------- ##############------------------------ ###############--------------------- ###############------------------- ################-------------- #################----------- ###################--- ############## Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -3.52e+21 2.02e+21 2.64e+21 2.02e+21 4.68e+21 -3.72e+21 2.64e+21 -3.72e+21 -1.16e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20191018212844/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 150
      DIP = 55
     RAKE = -35
       MW = 3.81
       HS = 10.0

The NDK file is 20191018212844.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

mLg Magnitude

Left: mLg computed using the IASPEI formula. Center: mLg residuals versus epicentral distance ; the values used for the trimmed mean magnitude estimate are indicated. Right: residuals as a function of distance and azimuth.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0    -5    85    10   3.35 0.2937
WVFGRD96    2.0   350    60    20   3.50 0.3815
WVFGRD96    3.0   350    55    30   3.57 0.4320
WVFGRD96    4.0   165    65    40   3.62 0.4820
WVFGRD96    5.0   165    60    40   3.66 0.5299
WVFGRD96    6.0   150    50   -30   3.68 0.5666
WVFGRD96    7.0   335    65   -35   3.71 0.5959
WVFGRD96    8.0   150    50   -35   3.78 0.6239
WVFGRD96    9.0   150    55   -35   3.79 0.6375
WVFGRD96   10.0   150    55   -35   3.81 0.6430
WVFGRD96   11.0   150    55   -30   3.82 0.6405
WVFGRD96   12.0   155    60   -25   3.84 0.6348
WVFGRD96   13.0   155    60   -25   3.85 0.6239
WVFGRD96   14.0   155    60   -25   3.86 0.6086
WVFGRD96   15.0   155    60   -20   3.87 0.5904
WVFGRD96   16.0   155    60   -20   3.88 0.5708
WVFGRD96   17.0   165    65    20   3.88 0.5525
WVFGRD96   18.0   165    65    20   3.89 0.5349
WVFGRD96   19.0   165    65    20   3.90 0.5162
WVFGRD96   20.0   340    65    20   3.90 0.4945
WVFGRD96   21.0   345    60    20   3.92 0.4822
WVFGRD96   22.0   345    60    20   3.92 0.4705
WVFGRD96   23.0   345    60    20   3.93 0.4588
WVFGRD96   24.0   345    60    20   3.94 0.4473
WVFGRD96   25.0   345    60    20   3.94 0.4359
WVFGRD96   26.0   335    55    20   3.95 0.4253
WVFGRD96   27.0   340    55    25   3.96 0.4152
WVFGRD96   28.0   340    55    25   3.96 0.4046
WVFGRD96   29.0   340    55    25   3.96 0.3934

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   10.0   150    55   -35   3.81 0.6430

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00