Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is ak019b7lpbt4 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak019b7lpbt4/executive.

2019/09/01 04:32:26 59.103 -136.973 9.8 5 Alaska

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2019/09/01 04:32:26:0 59.10 -136.97 9.8 5.0 Alaska Stations used: AK.BARN AK.BCP AK.BESE AK.CRQ AK.CTG AK.GRNC AK.ISLE AK.LOGN AK.MCAR AK.MESA AK.PIN AK.TABL AK.TGL AK.VRDI AK.YAH AT.SIT AT.SKAG AT.YKU2 CN.HYT CN.WHY TA.M29M TA.M30M TA.M31M TA.N30M TA.N31M TA.N32M TA.O28M TA.O29M TA.O30N TA.P29M TA.P30M TA.P32M TA.P33M TA.Q32M TA.R32K TA.R33M TA.S31K TA.S34M TA.T33K TA.U33K US.WRAK Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.02e+23 dyne-cm Mw = 4.92 Z = 20 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 320 50 85 NP2 148 40 96 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.02e+23 84 195 N 0.00e+00 4 323 P -3.02e+23 5 54 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -1.03e+23 Mxy -1.42e+23 Mxz -4.65e+22 Myy -1.94e+23 Myz -2.91e+22 Mzz 2.96e+23 -------------- ---------------------- --#####--------------------- --###########---------------- ---################------------ P ----##################---------- - -----####################------------- ------######################------------ ------#######################----------- -------########################----------- -------#########################---------- --------########### ###########--------- ---------########## T ############-------- --------########## #############------ ---------#########################------ ----------#######################----- ----------######################---- -----------####################--- -----------##################- --------------#############- ----------------###### -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 2.96e+23 -4.65e+22 2.91e+22 -4.65e+22 -1.03e+23 1.42e+23 2.91e+22 1.42e+23 -1.94e+23 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20190901043226/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 320
      DIP = 50
     RAKE = 85
       MW = 4.92
       HS = 20.0

The NDK file is 20190901043226.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.

SLU

USGSMWR

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2019/09/01 04:32:26:0 59.10 -136.97 9.8 5.0 Alaska Stations used: AK.BARN AK.BCP AK.BESE AK.CRQ AK.CTG AK.GRNC AK.ISLE AK.LOGN AK.MCAR AK.MESA AK.PIN AK.TABL AK.TGL AK.VRDI AK.YAH AT.SIT AT.SKAG AT.YKU2 CN.HYT CN.WHY TA.M29M TA.M30M TA.M31M TA.N30M TA.N31M TA.N32M TA.O28M TA.O29M TA.O30N TA.P29M TA.P30M TA.P32M TA.P33M TA.Q32M TA.R32K TA.R33M TA.S31K TA.S34M TA.T33K TA.U33K US.WRAK Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.02e+23 dyne-cm Mw = 4.92 Z = 20 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 320 50 85 NP2 148 40 96 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.02e+23 84 195 N 0.00e+00 4 323 P -3.02e+23 5 54 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -1.03e+23 Mxy -1.42e+23 Mxz -4.65e+22 Myy -1.94e+23 Myz -2.91e+22 Mzz 2.96e+23 -------------- ---------------------- --#####--------------------- --###########---------------- ---################------------ P ----##################---------- - -----####################------------- ------######################------------ ------#######################----------- -------########################----------- -------#########################---------- --------########### ###########--------- ---------########## T ############-------- --------########## #############------ ---------#########################------ ----------#######################----- ----------######################---- -----------####################--- -----------##################- --------------#############- ----------------###### -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 2.96e+23 -4.65e+22 2.91e+22 -4.65e+22 -1.03e+23 1.42e+23 2.91e+22 1.42e+23 -1.94e+23 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20190901043226/index.html

Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr) Moment 3.224e+16 N-m Magnitude 4.94 Mwr Depth 21.0 km Percent DC 77% Half Duration - Catalog US Data Source US 3 Contributor US 3 Nodal Planes Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 309 53 64 NP2 168 44 120 Principal Axes Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.012e+16 N-m 69 159 N 0.389e+16 N-m 20 325 P -3.401e+16 N-m 5 57

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

mLg Magnitude

Left: mLg computed using the IASPEI formula. Center: mLg residuals versus epicentral distance ; the values used for the trimmed mean magnitude estimate are indicated. Right: residuals as a function of distance and azimuth.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   145    45   -90   4.56 0.3499
WVFGRD96    2.0   325    45   -90   4.66 0.4359
WVFGRD96    3.0    65    50   -85   4.64 0.3430
WVFGRD96    4.0   275    80   -60   4.65 0.3049
WVFGRD96    5.0   175    25   -30   4.68 0.3486
WVFGRD96    6.0   175    25   -30   4.69 0.3993
WVFGRD96    7.0   170    25   -45   4.71 0.4436
WVFGRD96    8.0   160    20   -60   4.80 0.4787
WVFGRD96    9.0   160    20   -60   4.81 0.5222
WVFGRD96   10.0   155    20   -65   4.82 0.5543
WVFGRD96   11.0   160    25   -60   4.83 0.5784
WVFGRD96   12.0   160    25   -60   4.83 0.5952
WVFGRD96   13.0   320    50    80   4.86 0.6101
WVFGRD96   14.0   320    50    80   4.87 0.6467
WVFGRD96   15.0   320    50    80   4.88 0.6746
WVFGRD96   16.0   320    50    80   4.89 0.6952
WVFGRD96   17.0   320    50    80   4.90 0.7094
WVFGRD96   18.0   320    50    80   4.91 0.7186
WVFGRD96   19.0   320    50    80   4.91 0.7231
WVFGRD96   20.0   320    50    85   4.92 0.7236
WVFGRD96   21.0   320    50    85   4.93 0.7213
WVFGRD96   22.0   320    50    85   4.94 0.7164
WVFGRD96   23.0   320    50    85   4.94 0.7091
WVFGRD96   24.0   320    50    85   4.95 0.6996
WVFGRD96   25.0   145    40    95   4.95 0.6887
WVFGRD96   26.0   135    45    80   4.96 0.6763
WVFGRD96   27.0   135    45    80   4.96 0.6632
WVFGRD96   28.0   330    50   100   4.97 0.6484
WVFGRD96   29.0   130    45    75   4.97 0.6334

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   20.0   320    50    85   4.92 0.7236

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00