Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is ak0193yei6yy and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak0193yei6yy/executive.

2019/03/27 10:56:07 66.321 -157.243 4.9 3.5 Alaska

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2019/03/27 10:56:07:0 66.32 -157.24 4.9 3.5 Alaska Stations used: AK.COLD AK.GCSA TA.C18K TA.D19K TA.D20K TA.E18K TA.E19K TA.E20K TA.E23K TA.F15K TA.F17K TA.F18K TA.F19K TA.F21K TA.G15K TA.G17K TA.G18K TA.G19K TA.G21K TA.G23K TA.H16K TA.H17K TA.H19K TA.H20K TA.H21K TA.H22K TA.H23K TA.I20K TA.J19K TA.J20K Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.08 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.95e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.46 Z = 10 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 165 80 -25 NP2 260 65 -169 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.95e+21 10 214 N 0.00e+00 63 325 P -1.95e+21 25 120 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 8.89e+20 Mxy 1.58e+21 Mxz 9.60e+19 Myy -6.07e+20 Myz -8.27e+20 Mzz -2.82e+20 --############ ------################ ---------################### ----------#################### ------------###################### -------------####################### ---------------####################### ----------------#####------------####### -------------###-----------------------# ---------#########------------------------ ------############------------------------ ---################----------------------- -##################----------------------- ###################--------------------- ###################------------- ----- ###################------------ P ---- ###################----------- --- ##################---------------- ### ###########------------- ## T ############----------- #############------- ############-- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -2.82e+20 9.60e+19 8.27e+20 9.60e+19 8.89e+20 -1.58e+21 8.27e+20 -1.58e+21 -6.07e+20 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20190327105607/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 165
      DIP = 80
     RAKE = -25
       MW = 3.46
       HS = 10.0

The NDK file is 20190327105607.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

mLg Magnitude

Left: mLg computed using the IASPEI formula. Center: mLg residuals versus epicentral distance ; the values used for the trimmed mean magnitude estimate are indicated. Right: residuals as a function of distance and azimuth.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.08 n 3 

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   345    85     0   3.04 0.3399
WVFGRD96    2.0   165    90     0   3.17 0.4568
WVFGRD96    3.0   165    90    20   3.23 0.5011
WVFGRD96    4.0   160    75   -30   3.30 0.5330
WVFGRD96    5.0   160    70   -30   3.34 0.5686
WVFGRD96    6.0   160    70   -30   3.37 0.5948
WVFGRD96    7.0   160    70   -30   3.40 0.6116
WVFGRD96    8.0   160    70   -30   3.44 0.6255
WVFGRD96    9.0   165    80   -25   3.44 0.6299
WVFGRD96   10.0   165    80   -25   3.46 0.6321
WVFGRD96   11.0   165    85   -25   3.48 0.6291
WVFGRD96   12.0   345    90    20   3.48 0.6225
WVFGRD96   13.0   345    90    20   3.50 0.6163
WVFGRD96   14.0   350    80    20   3.52 0.6092
WVFGRD96   15.0   350    80    20   3.53 0.6020
WVFGRD96   16.0   350    75    20   3.54 0.5932
WVFGRD96   17.0   350    75    20   3.55 0.5841
WVFGRD96   18.0   350    75    15   3.56 0.5737
WVFGRD96   19.0   350    75    15   3.57 0.5630
WVFGRD96   20.0   350    75    15   3.57 0.5514
WVFGRD96   21.0   345    75   -10   3.57 0.5394
WVFGRD96   22.0   345    75   -10   3.58 0.5292
WVFGRD96   23.0   345    75   -10   3.59 0.5183
WVFGRD96   24.0   345    75   -10   3.59 0.5062
WVFGRD96   25.0   345    75   -15   3.60 0.4950
WVFGRD96   26.0   345    75   -15   3.60 0.4832
WVFGRD96   27.0   345    75   -15   3.61 0.4705
WVFGRD96   28.0   345    80   -15   3.61 0.4575
WVFGRD96   29.0   345    80   -15   3.61 0.4470

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   10.0   165    80   -25   3.46 0.6321

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.08 n 3 

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00