Location
Location ANSS
The ANSS event ID is ak01913ozsba and the event page is at
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak01913ozsba/executive.
2019/01/24 00:16:12 61.289 -150.081 43.7 3.8 Alaska
Focal Mechanism
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2019/01/24 00:16:12:0 61.29 -150.08 43.7 3.8 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.FIRE AK.GHO AK.HIN AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.SKN AK.SSN AT.PMR
AV.SPU AV.STLK GM.AD09 TA.M22K
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.06e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.95
Z = 48 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 194 78 -99
NP2 50 15 -55
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.06e+22 32 291
N 0.00e+00 9 196
P -1.06e+22 56 93
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 9.97e+20
Mxy -2.41e+21
Mxz 1.98e+21
Myy 3.34e+21
Myz -9.33e+21
Mzz -4.34e+21
############--
##############--------
################------------
################--------------
##################----------------
##################------------------
##################-------------------#
##### ###########--------------------#
##### T ##########---------------------#
###### #########----------------------##
##################---------- ---------##
##################---------- P ---------##
#################----------- --------###
################----------------------##
###############----------------------###
##############---------------------###
#############--------------------###
############------------------####
##########----------------####
-########--------------#####
--####----------######
--############
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-4.34e+21 1.98e+21 9.33e+21
1.98e+21 9.97e+20 2.41e+21
9.33e+21 2.41e+21 3.34e+21
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20190124001612/index.html
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Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is
STK = 50
DIP = 15
RAKE = -55
MW = 3.95
HS = 48.0
The NDK file is 20190124001612.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.
| SLU |
USGSMWR |
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2019/01/24 00:16:12:0 61.29 -150.08 43.7 3.8 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.FIRE AK.GHO AK.HIN AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.SKN AK.SSN AT.PMR
AV.SPU AV.STLK GM.AD09 TA.M22K
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.06e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.95
Z = 48 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 194 78 -99
NP2 50 15 -55
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.06e+22 32 291
N 0.00e+00 9 196
P -1.06e+22 56 93
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 9.97e+20
Mxy -2.41e+21
Mxz 1.98e+21
Myy 3.34e+21
Myz -9.33e+21
Mzz -4.34e+21
############--
##############--------
################------------
################--------------
##################----------------
##################------------------
##################-------------------#
##### ###########--------------------#
##### T ##########---------------------#
###### #########----------------------##
##################---------- ---------##
##################---------- P ---------##
#################----------- --------###
################----------------------##
###############----------------------###
##############---------------------###
#############--------------------###
############------------------####
##########----------------####
-########--------------#####
--####----------######
--############
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-4.34e+21 1.98e+21 9.33e+21
1.98e+21 9.97e+20 2.41e+21
9.33e+21 2.41e+21 3.34e+21
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20190124001612/index.html
|
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)
Moment 1.016e+15 N-m
Magnitude 3.94 Mwr
Depth 51.0 km
Percent DC 90%
Half Duration -
Catalog US
Data Source US 2
Contributor US 2
Nodal Planes
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 342 17 -122
NP2 194 76 -81
Principal Axes
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.041e+15 N-m 30 277
N -0.052e+15 N-m 9 12
P -0.990e+15 N-m 58 116
|
Magnitudes
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula
for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
ML Magnitude
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Context
The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.
Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the
stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 2.0 170 90 5 3.31 0.2613
WVFGRD96 4.0 210 70 35 3.41 0.3048
WVFGRD96 6.0 15 60 -35 3.48 0.3294
WVFGRD96 8.0 15 60 -40 3.53 0.3469
WVFGRD96 10.0 15 65 -35 3.54 0.3484
WVFGRD96 12.0 90 55 25 3.58 0.3511
WVFGRD96 14.0 85 60 15 3.60 0.3589
WVFGRD96 16.0 85 55 15 3.61 0.3677
WVFGRD96 18.0 85 55 15 3.63 0.3776
WVFGRD96 20.0 85 55 15 3.64 0.3869
WVFGRD96 22.0 85 50 15 3.66 0.3954
WVFGRD96 24.0 85 50 15 3.68 0.4053
WVFGRD96 26.0 85 45 10 3.70 0.4149
WVFGRD96 28.0 85 45 10 3.72 0.4248
WVFGRD96 30.0 85 45 10 3.74 0.4361
WVFGRD96 32.0 85 45 10 3.75 0.4476
WVFGRD96 34.0 85 45 10 3.77 0.4573
WVFGRD96 36.0 75 20 -25 3.75 0.4637
WVFGRD96 38.0 60 15 -45 3.76 0.4856
WVFGRD96 40.0 55 10 -45 3.91 0.5017
WVFGRD96 42.0 55 15 -50 3.92 0.5046
WVFGRD96 44.0 50 15 -55 3.93 0.5082
WVFGRD96 46.0 50 15 -55 3.94 0.5090
WVFGRD96 48.0 50 15 -55 3.95 0.5100
WVFGRD96 50.0 50 15 -55 3.96 0.5090
WVFGRD96 52.0 55 15 -50 3.97 0.5077
WVFGRD96 54.0 65 15 -40 3.97 0.5066
WVFGRD96 56.0 70 15 -35 3.98 0.5070
WVFGRD96 58.0 70 15 -35 3.99 0.5070
WVFGRD96 60.0 75 15 -30 3.99 0.5075
WVFGRD96 62.0 75 15 -30 4.00 0.5072
WVFGRD96 64.0 80 15 -25 4.01 0.5078
WVFGRD96 66.0 80 15 -25 4.02 0.5065
WVFGRD96 68.0 85 15 -20 4.02 0.5068
WVFGRD96 70.0 85 15 -20 4.03 0.5048
WVFGRD96 72.0 85 15 -20 4.04 0.5045
WVFGRD96 74.0 90 15 -15 4.04 0.5027
WVFGRD96 76.0 90 15 -15 4.05 0.5004
WVFGRD96 78.0 90 15 -15 4.06 0.4984
WVFGRD96 80.0 90 15 -15 4.06 0.4950
WVFGRD96 82.0 95 20 -15 4.08 0.4924
WVFGRD96 84.0 95 20 -15 4.08 0.4882
WVFGRD96 86.0 100 20 -10 4.09 0.4838
WVFGRD96 88.0 100 20 -10 4.09 0.4785
WVFGRD96 90.0 95 20 -15 4.10 0.4727
WVFGRD96 92.0 95 20 -15 4.10 0.4667
WVFGRD96 94.0 90 20 -20 4.10 0.4605
WVFGRD96 96.0 90 20 -20 4.10 0.4536
WVFGRD96 98.0 90 20 -20 4.11 0.4472
WVFGRD96 100.0 90 20 -20 4.11 0.4399
WVFGRD96 102.0 95 20 -15 4.11 0.4324
WVFGRD96 104.0 95 20 -15 4.11 0.4253
WVFGRD96 106.0 120 20 15 4.12 0.4179
WVFGRD96 108.0 120 25 10 4.14 0.4116
WVFGRD96 110.0 120 25 10 4.14 0.4032
WVFGRD96 112.0 120 25 10 4.14 0.3891
WVFGRD96 114.0 120 25 10 4.13 0.3577
WVFGRD96 116.0 130 30 -15 4.17 0.3223
WVFGRD96 118.0 130 30 -20 4.17 0.2911
WVFGRD96 120.0 130 30 -20 4.15 0.2557
WVFGRD96 122.0 10 70 -80 4.08 0.2409
WVFGRD96 124.0 5 70 -75 4.09 0.2397
WVFGRD96 126.0 5 70 -75 4.09 0.2383
WVFGRD96 128.0 5 70 -75 4.09 0.2371
WVFGRD96 130.0 5 70 -75 4.09 0.2353
WVFGRD96 132.0 5 70 -75 4.10 0.2336
WVFGRD96 134.0 5 70 -75 4.10 0.2318
WVFGRD96 136.0 5 70 -75 4.10 0.2307
WVFGRD96 138.0 5 70 -75 4.10 0.2289
WVFGRD96 140.0 10 70 -75 4.11 0.2250
WVFGRD96 142.0 10 70 -75 4.11 0.2159
WVFGRD96 144.0 10 70 -75 4.10 0.2001
WVFGRD96 146.0 20 65 -90 4.10 0.1815
WVFGRD96 148.0 210 25 -85 4.08 0.1588
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 48.0 50 15 -55 3.95 0.5100
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
|
|
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
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A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Velocity Model
The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows
(The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Last Changed Thu Apr 25 08:28:14 AM CDT 2024
