Location
Location ANSS
The ANSS event ID is ak0169byh1zh and the event page is at
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak0169byh1zh/executive.
2016/07/21 14:07:16 61.625 -150.321 60.2 4.1 Alaska
Focal Mechanism
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2016/07/21 14:07:16:0 61.62 -150.32 60.2 4.1 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BPAW AK.BRLK AK.CAST AK.CCB AK.CUT AK.DIV AK.FID AK.FIRE
AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HIN AK.HMT AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCAR
AK.MCK AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.RIDG AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM AK.TRF
AT.PMR AV.ILSW TA.K20K TA.M19K TA.M20K TA.M22K TA.N19K
TA.O19K TA.O22K
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.5 -40 o DIST/3.5 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 2.11e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.15
Z = 64 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 60 85 45
NP2 325 45 173
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 2.11e+22 34 293
N 0.00e+00 45 65
P -2.11e+22 26 184
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.48e+22
Mxy -6.32e+21
Mxz 1.21e+22
Myy 1.22e+22
Myz -8.49e+21
Mzz 2.60e+21
--------------
----------------------
############----------------
################--------------
#####################-------------
########################------------
###########################-------####
###### ####################----#######
###### T ###############################
####### ##################----##########
#########################--------#########
######################------------########
###################---------------########
##############--------------------######
###########-----------------------######
######---------------------------#####
#-------------------------------####
-------------------------------###
------------- ------------##
------------ P ------------#
--------- ----------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
2.60e+21 1.21e+22 8.49e+21
1.21e+22 -1.48e+22 6.32e+21
8.49e+21 6.32e+21 1.22e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20160721140716/index.html
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Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is
STK = 60
DIP = 85
RAKE = 45
MW = 4.15
HS = 64.0
The NDK file is 20160721140716.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.
| SLU |
USGSMT |
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2016/07/21 14:07:16:0 61.62 -150.32 60.2 4.1 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BPAW AK.BRLK AK.CAST AK.CCB AK.CUT AK.DIV AK.FID AK.FIRE
AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HIN AK.HMT AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCAR
AK.MCK AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.RIDG AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM AK.TRF
AT.PMR AV.ILSW TA.K20K TA.M19K TA.M20K TA.M22K TA.N19K
TA.O19K TA.O22K
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.5 -40 o DIST/3.5 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 2.11e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.15
Z = 64 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 60 85 45
NP2 325 45 173
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 2.11e+22 34 293
N 0.00e+00 45 65
P -2.11e+22 26 184
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.48e+22
Mxy -6.32e+21
Mxz 1.21e+22
Myy 1.22e+22
Myz -8.49e+21
Mzz 2.60e+21
--------------
----------------------
############----------------
################--------------
#####################-------------
########################------------
###########################-------####
###### ####################----#######
###### T ###############################
####### ##################----##########
#########################--------#########
######################------------########
###################---------------########
##############--------------------######
###########-----------------------######
######---------------------------#####
#-------------------------------####
-------------------------------###
------------- ------------##
------------ P ------------#
--------- ----------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
2.60e+21 1.21e+22 8.49e+21
1.21e+22 -1.48e+22 6.32e+21
8.49e+21 6.32e+21 1.22e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20160721140716/index.html
|
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)
Moment 1.691e+15 N-m
Magnitude 4.1 Mwr
Depth 56.0 km
Percent DC 56 %
Half Duration –
Catalog US
Data Source US3
Contributor US3
Nodal Planes
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 334 37 -168
NP2 235 83 -54
Principal Axes
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.858e+15 N-m 29 296
N -0.411e+15 N-m 36 50
P -1.447e+15 N-m 41 178
|
Magnitudes
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula
for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
ML Magnitude
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Context
The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.
Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the
stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut o DIST/3.5 -40 o DIST/3.5 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 2.0 55 30 -55 3.45 0.1900
WVFGRD96 4.0 55 65 -30 3.47 0.2182
WVFGRD96 6.0 60 70 -20 3.52 0.2407
WVFGRD96 8.0 60 65 -25 3.59 0.2655
WVFGRD96 10.0 65 70 -20 3.62 0.2752
WVFGRD96 12.0 70 70 20 3.65 0.2875
WVFGRD96 14.0 70 75 20 3.67 0.2974
WVFGRD96 16.0 70 75 20 3.70 0.3058
WVFGRD96 18.0 70 75 20 3.72 0.3125
WVFGRD96 20.0 75 75 20 3.74 0.3201
WVFGRD96 22.0 75 75 25 3.76 0.3300
WVFGRD96 24.0 75 75 25 3.78 0.3402
WVFGRD96 26.0 80 75 25 3.80 0.3511
WVFGRD96 28.0 75 80 25 3.82 0.3610
WVFGRD96 30.0 75 80 25 3.84 0.3697
WVFGRD96 32.0 75 80 25 3.85 0.3771
WVFGRD96 34.0 75 80 25 3.87 0.3827
WVFGRD96 36.0 70 80 25 3.89 0.3896
WVFGRD96 38.0 70 80 20 3.92 0.4037
WVFGRD96 40.0 70 80 30 3.99 0.4100
WVFGRD96 42.0 70 80 35 4.01 0.4164
WVFGRD96 44.0 65 85 35 4.03 0.4248
WVFGRD96 46.0 65 85 35 4.05 0.4345
WVFGRD96 48.0 65 85 35 4.07 0.4426
WVFGRD96 50.0 65 85 35 4.08 0.4490
WVFGRD96 52.0 240 90 -40 4.10 0.4532
WVFGRD96 54.0 65 85 40 4.10 0.4598
WVFGRD96 56.0 65 85 40 4.11 0.4632
WVFGRD96 58.0 60 85 40 4.13 0.4666
WVFGRD96 60.0 235 90 -45 4.15 0.4657
WVFGRD96 62.0 60 85 45 4.15 0.4712
WVFGRD96 64.0 60 85 45 4.15 0.4719
WVFGRD96 66.0 60 85 45 4.16 0.4714
WVFGRD96 68.0 60 85 45 4.17 0.4700
WVFGRD96 70.0 55 85 50 4.18 0.4675
WVFGRD96 72.0 60 80 45 4.18 0.4706
WVFGRD96 74.0 60 80 45 4.19 0.4708
WVFGRD96 76.0 60 80 45 4.19 0.4684
WVFGRD96 78.0 80 20 -30 4.20 0.4661
WVFGRD96 80.0 85 20 -25 4.20 0.4660
WVFGRD96 82.0 80 15 -30 4.21 0.4657
WVFGRD96 84.0 85 15 -25 4.22 0.4649
WVFGRD96 86.0 85 15 -25 4.22 0.4644
WVFGRD96 88.0 90 15 -20 4.22 0.4632
WVFGRD96 90.0 95 15 -15 4.23 0.4621
WVFGRD96 92.0 95 15 -15 4.23 0.4609
WVFGRD96 94.0 100 15 -10 4.24 0.4589
WVFGRD96 96.0 105 15 -5 4.25 0.4592
WVFGRD96 98.0 105 10 -10 4.26 0.4636
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 64.0 60 85 45 4.15 0.4719
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut o DIST/3.5 -40 o DIST/3.5 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.08 n 3
|
|
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
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A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Velocity Model
The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows
(The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Last Changed Fri Apr 26 06:56:21 PM CDT 2024
