Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is nn00512427 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nn00512427/executive.

2015/09/27 02:44:00 41.871 -119.612 10.2 4.2 Nevada

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2015/09/27 02:44:00:0 41.87 -119.61 10.2 4.2 Nevada Stations used: BK.WDC IM.NV31 IW.MFID IW.PLID LB.BMN NC.KCPB NC.KHMB NC.KMR NC.KRMB NC.MDPB NN.BEK NN.COLR NN.CTC NN.KVN NN.LCH NN.LHV NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.REDF NN.RUB NN.RYN NN.SPR3 NN.VCN NN.WDEM NN.YER TA.R11A UO.BUCK UO.DBO UO.PINE US.BMO US.ELK US.HAWA US.HLID US.WVOR UW.BABR UW.BLOW UW.CCRK UW.DDRF UW.IRON UW.IZEE UW.JEDS UW.PHIN UW.TREE UW.UMAT UW.YACT Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.84e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.11 Z = 5 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 3 56 -113 NP2 220 40 -60 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.84e+22 9 109 N 0.00e+00 19 16 P -1.84e+22 69 222 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 6.60e+20 Mxy -6.70e+21 Mxz 3.62e+21 Myy 1.50e+22 Myz 6.65e+21 Mzz -1.57e+22 #########----- ###############------- ################---######### #############--------######### ############------------########## ###########--------------########### ##########-----------------########### #########-------------------############ ########--------------------############ ########----------------------############ #######-----------------------############ #######---------- ----------############ ######----------- P ---------############# #####----------- ---------######### #####-----------------------######### T ####----------------------########## ###----------------------########### ##---------------------########### #-------------------########## #-----------------########## -------------######### --------###### Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -1.57e+22 3.62e+21 -6.65e+21 3.62e+21 6.60e+20 6.70e+21 -6.65e+21 6.70e+21 1.50e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150927024400/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 220
      DIP = 40
     RAKE = -60
       MW = 4.11
       HS = 5.0

The NDK file is 20150927024400.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.

SLU

UNR

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2015/09/27 02:44:00:0 41.87 -119.61 10.2 4.2 Nevada Stations used: BK.WDC IM.NV31 IW.MFID IW.PLID LB.BMN NC.KCPB NC.KHMB NC.KMR NC.KRMB NC.MDPB NN.BEK NN.COLR NN.CTC NN.KVN NN.LCH NN.LHV NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.REDF NN.RUB NN.RYN NN.SPR3 NN.VCN NN.WDEM NN.YER TA.R11A UO.BUCK UO.DBO UO.PINE US.BMO US.ELK US.HAWA US.HLID US.WVOR UW.BABR UW.BLOW UW.CCRK UW.DDRF UW.IRON UW.IZEE UW.JEDS UW.PHIN UW.TREE UW.UMAT UW.YACT Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.84e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.11 Z = 5 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 3 56 -113 NP2 220 40 -60 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.84e+22 9 109 N 0.00e+00 19 16 P -1.84e+22 69 222 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 6.60e+20 Mxy -6.70e+21 Mxz 3.62e+21 Myy 1.50e+22 Myz 6.65e+21 Mzz -1.57e+22 #########----- ###############------- ################---######### #############--------######### ############------------########## ###########--------------########### ##########-----------------########### #########-------------------############ ########--------------------############ ########----------------------############ #######-----------------------############ #######---------- ----------############ ######----------- P ---------############# #####----------- ---------######### #####-----------------------######### T ####----------------------########## ###----------------------########### ##---------------------########### #-------------------########## #-----------------########## -------------######### --------###### Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -1.57e+22 3.62e+21 -6.65e+21 3.62e+21 6.60e+20 6.70e+21 -6.65e+21 6.70e+21 1.50e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150927024400/index.html

Mw Moment 1.771e+15 N-m Magnitude 4.10 Depth 6.0 km Percent DC 100% Half Duration – Catalog NN (nn00512427) Data Source NN1 Contributor NN1 Nodal Planes Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 36 56 -64 NP2 174 42 -124 Principal Axes Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.768 8 107 N -0.003 22 200 P -1.775 67 359

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   255    65    -5   3.84 0.5074
WVFGRD96    2.0   250    50   -10   3.97 0.6486
WVFGRD96    3.0   240    40   -25   4.04 0.7453
WVFGRD96    4.0   230    45   -45   4.07 0.7949
WVFGRD96    5.0   220    40   -60   4.11 0.8172
WVFGRD96    6.0   250    65    -5   4.04 0.7966
WVFGRD96    7.0   250    80    15   4.04 0.7919
WVFGRD96    8.0   250    75    20   4.07 0.7867
WVFGRD96    9.0   250    70    15   4.09 0.7857
WVFGRD96   10.0   250    70    15   4.10 0.7806
WVFGRD96   11.0   250    75    15   4.11 0.7709
WVFGRD96   12.0   250    75    15   4.12 0.7567
WVFGRD96   13.0   250    75    15   4.13 0.7428
WVFGRD96   14.0   250    70    15   4.14 0.7269
WVFGRD96   15.0   250    70    15   4.15 0.7109
WVFGRD96   16.0   250    70    15   4.16 0.6925
WVFGRD96   17.0   250    70    15   4.17 0.6759
WVFGRD96   18.0   250    70    15   4.18 0.6580
WVFGRD96   19.0   250    70    20   4.18 0.6410
WVFGRD96   20.0   250    70    20   4.19 0.6248
WVFGRD96   21.0   250    70    20   4.20 0.6079
WVFGRD96   22.0   250    70    20   4.21 0.5905
WVFGRD96   23.0   250    70    20   4.22 0.5731
WVFGRD96   24.0   250    70    20   4.23 0.5566
WVFGRD96   25.0   250    70    25   4.23 0.5413
WVFGRD96   26.0   250    70    25   4.24 0.5256
WVFGRD96   27.0   250    70    25   4.24 0.5105
WVFGRD96   28.0   250    70    25   4.25 0.4956
WVFGRD96   29.0   250    70    25   4.26 0.4816

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    5.0   220    40   -60   4.11 0.8172

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00