Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is nn00485024 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nn00485024/executive.

2015/02/28 10:41:37 38.907 -115.379 0.0 3.9 Nevada

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2015/02/28 10:41:37:0 38.91 -115.38 0.0 3.9 Nevada Stations used: AE.W13A CI.GSC CI.ISA CI.OSI CI.PASC IM.NV31 IW.MFID LB.TPH NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.LHV NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.REDF NN.RYN NN.SHP NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER RE.PV12 RE.PV17 TA.R11A US.DUG US.ELK US.HLID US.TPNV US.WUAZ US.WVOR UW.IRON Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 5.50e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.76 Z = 9 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 80 65 -45 NP2 193 50 -147 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 5.50e+21 9 140 N 0.00e+00 40 237 P -5.50e+21 49 39 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 1.68e+21 Mxy -3.82e+21 Mxz -2.74e+21 Myy 1.29e+21 Myz -1.18e+21 Mzz -2.98e+21 ##########---- ###########----------- ###########----------------- ###########------------------- ###########----------------------- ###########------------ ---------- ###########------------- P ----------- ############------------- ------------ ###########----------------------------- ###########------------------------------# ###########----------------------------### ###########-------------------------###### ###########----------------------######### -########-------------------############ -------###----------#################### ---------############################# --------############################ --------#################### ### ------#################### T # ------################### ----################## --############ Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -2.98e+21 -2.74e+21 1.18e+21 -2.74e+21 1.68e+21 3.82e+21 1.18e+21 3.82e+21 1.29e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150228104137/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 80
      DIP = 65
     RAKE = -45
       MW = 3.76
       HS = 9.0

The NDK file is 20150228104137.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.

SLU	USGSMT	UNR
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2015/02/28 10:41:37:0 38.91 -115.38 0.0 3.9 Nevada Stations used: AE.W13A CI.GSC CI.ISA CI.OSI CI.PASC IM.NV31 IW.MFID LB.TPH NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.LHV NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.REDF NN.RYN NN.SHP NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER RE.PV12 RE.PV17 TA.R11A US.DUG US.ELK US.HLID US.TPNV US.WUAZ US.WVOR UW.IRON Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 5.50e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.76 Z = 9 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 80 65 -45 NP2 193 50 -147 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 5.50e+21 9 140 N 0.00e+00 40 237 P -5.50e+21 49 39 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 1.68e+21 Mxy -3.82e+21 Mxz -2.74e+21 Myy 1.29e+21 Myz -1.18e+21 Mzz -2.98e+21 ##########---- ###########----------- ###########----------------- ###########------------------- ###########----------------------- ###########------------ ---------- ###########------------- P ----------- ############------------- ------------ ###########----------------------------- ###########------------------------------# ###########----------------------------### ###########-------------------------###### ###########----------------------######### -########-------------------############ -------###----------#################### ---------############################# --------############################ --------#################### ### ------#################### T # ------################### ----################## --############ Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -2.98e+21 -2.74e+21 1.18e+21 -2.74e+21 1.68e+21 3.82e+21 1.18e+21 3.82e+21 1.29e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150228104137/index.html	Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr) Moment 6.140e+14 N-m Magnitude 3.79 Depth 5.0 km Percent DC 81% Half Duration – Catalog US (usc000ttyx) Data Source US2 Contributor US2 Nodal Planes Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 58° 57° -61° NP2 193° 43° -127° Principal Axes Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 6.428 8° 128° N -0.624 24° 222° P -5.805 65° 21°	Mw Moment 9.736e+14 N-m Magnitude 3.93 Depth 8.0 km Percent DC 98% Half Duration – Catalog NN (nn00485024) Data Source NN1 Contributor NN1 Nodal Planes Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 52° 62° -78° NP2 209° 30° -111° Principal Axes Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 9.697 16° 134° N 0.078 10° 227° P -9.775 71° 348°

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0    45    45   -90   3.54 0.3660
WVFGRD96    2.0   225    45   -90   3.65 0.4766
WVFGRD96    3.0    70    65   -55   3.66 0.4936
WVFGRD96    4.0    70    65   -55   3.69 0.5432
WVFGRD96    5.0    75    65   -50   3.68 0.5740
WVFGRD96    6.0    80    65   -45   3.69 0.5957
WVFGRD96    7.0    80    65   -45   3.70 0.6137
WVFGRD96    8.0    75    60   -55   3.77 0.6380
WVFGRD96    9.0    80    65   -45   3.76 0.6421
WVFGRD96   10.0    80    65   -45   3.77 0.6403
WVFGRD96   11.0    85    70   -35   3.76 0.6356
WVFGRD96   12.0   275    80    30   3.76 0.6323
WVFGRD96   13.0   275    75    30   3.77 0.6288
WVFGRD96   14.0   275    75    30   3.78 0.6229
WVFGRD96   15.0   275    75    30   3.79 0.6147
WVFGRD96   16.0   280    70    30   3.80 0.6051
WVFGRD96   17.0   275    75    25   3.80 0.5946
WVFGRD96   18.0   275    75    25   3.81 0.5831
WVFGRD96   19.0   275    70    25   3.82 0.5709
WVFGRD96   20.0   275    70    25   3.83 0.5579
WVFGRD96   21.0   275    70    25   3.83 0.5438
WVFGRD96   22.0   275    70    25   3.84 0.5300
WVFGRD96   23.0   275    70    25   3.84 0.5160
WVFGRD96   24.0   275    70    25   3.85 0.5022
WVFGRD96   25.0   280    65    25   3.86 0.4893
WVFGRD96   26.0   280    65    25   3.87 0.4773
WVFGRD96   27.0   280    65    25   3.87 0.4656
WVFGRD96   28.0   280    65    25   3.88 0.4541
WVFGRD96   29.0   280    65    25   3.89 0.4433

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    9.0    80    65   -45   3.76 0.6421

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00