Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is usc000s84p and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000s84p/executive.

2014/08/29 18:37:29 65.629 -122.650 9.0 4.6 Canada

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2014/08/29 18:37:29:0  65.63 -122.65   9.0 4.6 Canada
 
 Stations used:
   AK.BAL AK.BARN AK.BCP AK.BESE AK.CCB AK.CRQ AK.CTG AK.DOT 
   AK.GLB AK.HDA AK.ISLE AK.JIS AK.MCAR AK.MDM AK.MESA AK.PIN 
   AK.TABL AK.TGL AK.WRH AK.YAH AT.MENT AT.SIT AT.SKAG AT.YKU2 
   CN.DHRN CN.DLBC CN.HYT CN.INK CN.KUKN CN.NOWN CN.YKW3 
   IM.IL31 IU.COLA TA.C36M US.EGAK US.WRAK 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +100
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.05 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 8.71e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.56 
  Z  = 16 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      305    90   -105
   NP2      215    15     0
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   8.71e+22     43      50
    N   0.00e+00     15     305
    P  -8.71e+22     43     200

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -2.12e+22
       Mxy     7.71e+21
       Mxz     6.89e+22
       Myy     2.12e+22
       Myz     4.83e+22
       Mzz     0.00e+00
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     --------------                  
                 -----#################              
              -----#######################           
             ----##########################          
           ----##############################        
          ##########################   #######       
         ###----#################### T ########      
        ###--------#################   #########     
        ###----------###########################     
       ###--------------#########################    
       ###-----------------######################    
       ###-------------------####################    
       ###----------------------#################    
        ##-------------------------#############     
        ##---------------------------###########     
         ##-----------------------------#######      
          #-----------   ------------------###       
           #---------- P --------------------        
             ---------   ------------------          
              #---------------------------           
                 ----------------------              
                     --------------                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
  0.00e+00   6.89e+22  -4.83e+22 
  6.89e+22  -2.12e+22  -7.71e+21 
 -4.83e+22  -7.71e+21   2.12e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140829183729/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 215
      DIP = 15
     RAKE = 0
       MW = 4.56
       HS = 16.0

The NDK file is 20140829183729.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.
SLU
USGSMT
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2014/08/29 18:37:29:0  65.63 -122.65   9.0 4.6 Canada
 
 Stations used:
   AK.BAL AK.BARN AK.BCP AK.BESE AK.CCB AK.CRQ AK.CTG AK.DOT 
   AK.GLB AK.HDA AK.ISLE AK.JIS AK.MCAR AK.MDM AK.MESA AK.PIN 
   AK.TABL AK.TGL AK.WRH AK.YAH AT.MENT AT.SIT AT.SKAG AT.YKU2 
   CN.DHRN CN.DLBC CN.HYT CN.INK CN.KUKN CN.NOWN CN.YKW3 
   IM.IL31 IU.COLA TA.C36M US.EGAK US.WRAK 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +100
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.05 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 8.71e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.56 
  Z  = 16 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      305    90   -105
   NP2      215    15     0
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   8.71e+22     43      50
    N   0.00e+00     15     305
    P  -8.71e+22     43     200

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -2.12e+22
       Mxy     7.71e+21
       Mxz     6.89e+22
       Myy     2.12e+22
       Myz     4.83e+22
       Mzz     0.00e+00
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     --------------                  
                 -----#################              
              -----#######################           
             ----##########################          
           ----##############################        
          ##########################   #######       
         ###----#################### T ########      
        ###--------#################   #########     
        ###----------###########################     
       ###--------------#########################    
       ###-----------------######################    
       ###-------------------####################    
       ###----------------------#################    
        ##-------------------------#############     
        ##---------------------------###########     
         ##-----------------------------#######      
          #-----------   ------------------###       
           #---------- P --------------------        
             ---------   ------------------          
              #---------------------------           
                 ----------------------              
                     --------------                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
  0.00e+00   6.89e+22  -4.83e+22 
  6.89e+22  -2.12e+22  -7.71e+21 
 -4.83e+22  -7.71e+21   2.12e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140829183729/index.html
	

        

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +100
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3 
The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   145    45    90   4.32 0.5217
WVFGRD96    2.0   145    40    90   4.38 0.5439
WVFGRD96    3.0   145    30    90   4.45 0.4933
WVFGRD96    4.0   150    25    95   4.50 0.4511
WVFGRD96    5.0   240    10    15   4.53 0.4923
WVFGRD96    6.0   235    10    10   4.51 0.5620
WVFGRD96    7.0   235    10    15   4.50 0.6117
WVFGRD96    8.0   240    10    20   4.57 0.6448
WVFGRD96    9.0   240    10    20   4.57 0.6881
WVFGRD96   10.0   230    10    10   4.56 0.7199
WVFGRD96   11.0   230    10    10   4.56 0.7437
WVFGRD96   12.0   225    10    10   4.56 0.7610
WVFGRD96   13.0   225    10    10   4.56 0.7727
WVFGRD96   14.0   220    10     5   4.56 0.7800
WVFGRD96   15.0   220    10     5   4.56 0.7835
WVFGRD96   16.0   215    15     0   4.56 0.7838
WVFGRD96   17.0   215    15     0   4.56 0.7822
WVFGRD96   18.0   215    15     0   4.56 0.7781
WVFGRD96   19.0   215    15     5   4.57 0.7724
WVFGRD96   20.0   215    15     5   4.57 0.7651
WVFGRD96   21.0   215    15     5   4.59 0.7565
WVFGRD96   22.0   215    15     5   4.59 0.7460
WVFGRD96   23.0   215    15     5   4.59 0.7343
WVFGRD96   24.0   215    15     5   4.60 0.7216
WVFGRD96   25.0   215    15     5   4.60 0.7078
WVFGRD96   26.0   205    15    -5   4.60 0.6932
WVFGRD96   27.0   205    15    -5   4.61 0.6780
WVFGRD96   28.0   205    15    -5   4.61 0.6621
WVFGRD96   29.0   205    15    -5   4.61 0.6455

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   16.0   215    15     0   4.56 0.7838

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +100
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
Last Changed Sat Apr 27 10:43:59 AM CDT 2024