Location
Location ANSS
The ANSS event ID is usc000pi6d and the event page is at
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000pi6d/executive.
2014/04/13 00:04:41 44.620 -114.330 3.5 4.8 Idaho
Focal Mechanism
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/04/13 00:04:41:0 44.62 -114.33 3.5 4.8 Idaho
Stations used:
IM.PD31 IW.DLMT IW.FLWY IW.FXWY IW.IMW IW.MFID IW.REDW
IW.SNOW IW.TPAW MB.JTMT TA.H17A UO.PINE US.AHID US.BMO
US.BW06 US.DUG US.ELK US.HWUT US.LKWY US.MSO US.NEW US.RLMT
US.WVOR UU.BGU UU.CTU UU.HVU UU.JLU UU.SPU UU.TCU UW.BRAN
UW.DAVN UW.IRON UW.IZEE UW.KENT UW.LTY UW.PHIN UW.TREE
UW.TUCA WY.YHB WY.YHH WY.YHL WY.YMP WY.YMR WY.YNE WY.YNM
WY.YNR WY.YPP WY.YUF
Filtering commands used:
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.80e+23 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.77
Z = 15 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 170 90 -30
NP2 260 60 -180
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.80e+23 21 219
N 0.00e+00 60 350
P -1.80e+23 21 121
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 5.33e+22
Mxy 1.46e+23
Mxz -1.56e+22
Myy -5.33e+22
Myz -8.86e+22
Mzz 7.86e+15
----##########
--------##############
-----------#################
-------------#################
---------------###################
----------------####################
------------------####################
--------------#####----------------#####
---------##########--------------------#
-------##############---------------------
-----################---------------------
---##################---------------------
-####################---------------------
#####################-------------------
#####################------------ ----
####################------------ P ---
##### ############----------- --
#### T ############---------------
## ############-------------
#################-----------
##############--------
##########----
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
7.86e+15 -1.56e+22 8.86e+22
-1.56e+22 5.33e+22 -1.46e+23
8.86e+22 -1.46e+23 -5.33e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140413000441/index.html
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Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is
STK = 170
DIP = 90
RAKE = -30
MW = 4.77
HS = 15.0
The NDK file is 20140413000441.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.
| SLU |
USGSMT |
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/04/13 00:04:41:0 44.62 -114.33 3.5 4.8 Idaho
Stations used:
IM.PD31 IW.DLMT IW.FLWY IW.FXWY IW.IMW IW.MFID IW.REDW
IW.SNOW IW.TPAW MB.JTMT TA.H17A UO.PINE US.AHID US.BMO
US.BW06 US.DUG US.ELK US.HWUT US.LKWY US.MSO US.NEW US.RLMT
US.WVOR UU.BGU UU.CTU UU.HVU UU.JLU UU.SPU UU.TCU UW.BRAN
UW.DAVN UW.IRON UW.IZEE UW.KENT UW.LTY UW.PHIN UW.TREE
UW.TUCA WY.YHB WY.YHH WY.YHL WY.YMP WY.YMR WY.YNE WY.YNM
WY.YNR WY.YPP WY.YUF
Filtering commands used:
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.80e+23 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.77
Z = 15 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 170 90 -30
NP2 260 60 -180
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.80e+23 21 219
N 0.00e+00 60 350
P -1.80e+23 21 121
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 5.33e+22
Mxy 1.46e+23
Mxz -1.56e+22
Myy -5.33e+22
Myz -8.86e+22
Mzz 7.86e+15
----##########
--------##############
-----------#################
-------------#################
---------------###################
----------------####################
------------------####################
--------------#####----------------#####
---------##########--------------------#
-------##############---------------------
-----################---------------------
---##################---------------------
-####################---------------------
#####################-------------------
#####################------------ ----
####################------------ P ---
##### ############----------- --
#### T ############---------------
## ############-------------
#################-----------
##############--------
##########----
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
7.86e+15 -1.56e+22 8.86e+22
-1.56e+22 5.33e+22 -1.46e+23
8.86e+22 -1.46e+23 -5.33e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140413000441/index.html
|
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)
Moment magnitude derived from a moment tensor
inversion of complete waveforms at regional distances
(less than ~8 degrees), generally used for the analysis
of small to moderate size earthquakes (typically Mw
3.5-6.0) crust or upper mantle earthquakes.
Moment
1.84e+16 N-m
Magnitude
4.8
Percent DC
99%
Depth
15.0 km
Updated
2014-04-13 04:07:22 UTC
Author
us
Catalog
us
Contributor
us
Code
us_c000pi6d_mwr
Principal Axes
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.842 12 218
N 0.006 60 330
P -1.848 27 122
Nodal Planes
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 167 80 -28
NP2 263 62 -169
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Magnitudes
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula
for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
ML Magnitude
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Context
The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.
Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the
stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 1.0 345 80 -5 4.49 0.3852
WVFGRD96 2.0 165 65 -45 4.63 0.4483
WVFGRD96 3.0 165 65 -45 4.66 0.4695
WVFGRD96 4.0 345 70 -40 4.67 0.4884
WVFGRD96 5.0 345 70 -40 4.68 0.5048
WVFGRD96 6.0 350 80 -35 4.67 0.5192
WVFGRD96 7.0 350 80 -35 4.68 0.5314
WVFGRD96 8.0 165 75 -40 4.73 0.5459
WVFGRD96 9.0 165 75 -40 4.74 0.5549
WVFGRD96 10.0 170 80 -35 4.73 0.5628
WVFGRD96 11.0 170 85 -35 4.74 0.5685
WVFGRD96 12.0 170 85 -30 4.74 0.5732
WVFGRD96 13.0 170 85 -30 4.75 0.5764
WVFGRD96 14.0 170 90 -30 4.76 0.5778
WVFGRD96 15.0 170 90 -30 4.77 0.5778
WVFGRD96 16.0 170 90 -30 4.77 0.5765
WVFGRD96 17.0 170 90 -25 4.78 0.5737
WVFGRD96 18.0 170 90 -25 4.79 0.5709
WVFGRD96 19.0 -5 75 30 4.80 0.5692
WVFGRD96 20.0 -5 70 25 4.81 0.5650
WVFGRD96 21.0 -5 75 25 4.82 0.5596
WVFGRD96 22.0 -5 75 25 4.82 0.5542
WVFGRD96 23.0 355 75 25 4.83 0.5481
WVFGRD96 24.0 355 75 25 4.83 0.5414
WVFGRD96 25.0 355 75 25 4.84 0.5343
WVFGRD96 26.0 355 75 25 4.85 0.5267
WVFGRD96 27.0 355 75 25 4.85 0.5188
WVFGRD96 28.0 355 75 25 4.86 0.5105
WVFGRD96 29.0 355 75 25 4.86 0.5020
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 15.0 170 90 -30 4.77 0.5778
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
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Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
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A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Surface-Wave Focal Mechanism
The following figure shows the stations used in the grid search for the best focal mechanism to fit the surface-wave spectral amplitudes of the Love and Rayleigh waves.
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Location of broadband stations used to obtain focal mechanism from surface-wave spectral amplitudes
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The surface-wave determined focal mechanism is shown here.
NODAL PLANES
STK= 166.24
DIP= 77.75
RAKE= -35.93
OR
STK= 264.98
DIP= 55.01
RAKE= -164.99
DEPTH = 9.0 km
Mw = 4.83
Best Fit 0.8825 - P-T axis plot gives solutions with FIT greater than FIT90
Surface-wave analysis
Surface wave analysis was performed using codes from
Computer Programs in Seismology, specifically the
multiple filter analysis program do_mft and the surface-wave
radiation pattern search program srfgrd96.
Data preparation
Digital data were collected, instrument response removed and traces converted
to Z, R an T components. Multiple filter analysis was applied to the Z and T traces to obtain the Rayleigh- and Love-wave spectral amplitudes, respectively.
These were input to the search program which examined all depths between 1 and 25 km
and all possible mechanisms.
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Best mechanism fit as a function of depth. The preferred depth is given above. Lower hemisphere projection
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Pressure-tension axis trends. Since the surface-wave spectra search does not distinguish between P and T axes and since there is a 180 ambiguity in strike, all possible P and T axes are plotted. First motion data and waveforms will be used to select the preferred mechanism. The purpose of this plot is to provide an idea of the
possible range of solutions. The P and T-axes for all mechanisms with goodness of fit greater than 0.9 FITMAX (above) are plotted here.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the Love and Rayleigh wave radiation patterns.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. Because of the symmetry of the spectral amplitude rediation patterns, only strikes from 0-180 degrees are sampled.
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Love-wave radiation patterns
Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns
- Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns.
- Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns.
- Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns.
- Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns.
- Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns.
Velocity Model
The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows
(The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Last Changed Fri Apr 26 05:29:08 PM CDT 2024
