Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is nn00434307 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nn00434307/executive.

2014/01/14 06:10:22 38.570 -118.445 8.7 3.8 Nevada

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/01/14 06:10:22:0 38.57 -118.44 8.7 3.8 Nevada Stations used: AE.W13A AZ.RDM BK.CMB CI.ADO CI.ARV CI.CWC CI.DEC CI.DGR CI.EDW2 CI.FUR CI.GRA CI.GSC CI.HEC CI.LRL CI.MLAC CI.MPM CI.MUR CI.NEE2 CI.PASC CI.RPV CI.SHO CI.SLA CI.VTV IM.NV31 LB.DAC NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.OMMB NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.RUB NN.UNVG NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER TA.K04D TA.M04C TA.R11A US.DUG US.ELK US.TPNV UU.CCUT UU.KNB UU.LCMT UU.PKCU UU.PSUT UU.SZCU UU.TCRU UU.VRUT UU.ZNPU Filtering commands used: cut a -30 a 180 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.51e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.63 Z = 8 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 172 86 150 NP2 265 60 5 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.51e+21 24 125 N 0.00e+00 60 345 P -3.51e+21 17 223 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -7.88e+20 Mxy -2.96e+21 Mxz -5.23e+13 Myy 5.23e+20 Myz 1.75e+21 Mzz 2.65e+20 ####---------- ########-------------- ###########----------------- ############------------------ ###############------------------- ################-------------------- #################--------------------- #############-----##############-------- ########----------###################--- #####---------------#####################- ###-----------------###################### #-------------------###################### --------------------###################### --------------------#################### --------------------############ ##### -------------------############ T #### ---- -----------############ ### --- P ------------################ - ------------############## ----------------############ -------------######### ---------##### Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 2.65e+20 -5.23e+13 -1.75e+21 -5.23e+13 -7.88e+20 2.96e+21 -1.75e+21 2.96e+21 5.23e+20 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140114061022/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 265
      DIP = 60
     RAKE = 5
       MW = 3.63
       HS = 8.0

The NDK file is 20140114061022.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.

SLU	USGSMT
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/01/14 06:10:22:0 38.57 -118.44 8.7 3.8 Nevada Stations used: AE.W13A AZ.RDM BK.CMB CI.ADO CI.ARV CI.CWC CI.DEC CI.DGR CI.EDW2 CI.FUR CI.GRA CI.GSC CI.HEC CI.LRL CI.MLAC CI.MPM CI.MUR CI.NEE2 CI.PASC CI.RPV CI.SHO CI.SLA CI.VTV IM.NV31 LB.DAC NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.OMMB NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.RUB NN.UNVG NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER TA.K04D TA.M04C TA.R11A US.DUG US.ELK US.TPNV UU.CCUT UU.KNB UU.LCMT UU.PKCU UU.PSUT UU.SZCU UU.TCRU UU.VRUT UU.ZNPU Filtering commands used: cut a -30 a 180 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.51e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.63 Z = 8 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 172 86 150 NP2 265 60 5 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.51e+21 24 125 N 0.00e+00 60 345 P -3.51e+21 17 223 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -7.88e+20 Mxy -2.96e+21 Mxz -5.23e+13 Myy 5.23e+20 Myz 1.75e+21 Mzz 2.65e+20 ####---------- ########-------------- ###########----------------- ############------------------ ###############------------------- ################-------------------- #################--------------------- #############-----##############-------- ########----------###################--- #####---------------#####################- ###-----------------###################### #-------------------###################### --------------------###################### --------------------#################### --------------------############ ##### -------------------############ T #### ---- -----------############ ### --- P ------------################ - ------------############## ----------------############ -------------######### ---------##### Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 2.65e+20 -5.23e+13 -1.75e+21 -5.23e+13 -7.88e+20 2.96e+21 -1.75e+21 2.96e+21 5.23e+20 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140114061022/index.html	Moment 3.12e+14 N-m Magnitude 3.6 Percent DC 99% Depth 8.0 km Updated 2014-01-14 06:36:46 UTC Author nn Catalog nn Contributor nn Code nn00434307-nn-mt Principal Axes Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.124 20 121 N -0.015 57 357 P -3.109 25 221 Nodal Planes Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 352 87 -147 NP2 260 58 -4

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    0.5   255    75   -15   3.23 0.2918
WVFGRD96    1.0    80    90    -5   3.27 0.3283
WVFGRD96    2.0   260    90     5   3.42 0.4690
WVFGRD96    3.0   260    80     0   3.48 0.5110
WVFGRD96    4.0   265    70     5   3.52 0.5290
WVFGRD96    5.0   265    65     5   3.56 0.5454
WVFGRD96    6.0   265    60     5   3.58 0.5580
WVFGRD96    7.0   265    65     5   3.59 0.5640
WVFGRD96    8.0   265    60     5   3.63 0.5673
WVFGRD96    9.0   265    60     5   3.64 0.5626
WVFGRD96   10.0   265    60     5   3.65 0.5556
WVFGRD96   11.0   265    65     5   3.65 0.5478
WVFGRD96   12.0   265    65     5   3.66 0.5404
WVFGRD96   13.0   265    65     5   3.67 0.5321
WVFGRD96   14.0   265    65     5   3.68 0.5233
WVFGRD96   15.0   265    70     5   3.69 0.5146
WVFGRD96   16.0   265    70     5   3.69 0.5062
WVFGRD96   17.0   265    70     5   3.70 0.4971
WVFGRD96   18.0    90    70    20   3.72 0.4879
WVFGRD96   19.0    90    70    20   3.73 0.4825
WVFGRD96   20.0    90    70    20   3.74 0.4770
WVFGRD96   21.0    90    75    25   3.75 0.4717
WVFGRD96   22.0    90    75    25   3.76 0.4656
WVFGRD96   23.0    90    75    25   3.77 0.4594
WVFGRD96   24.0    90    75    25   3.77 0.4529
WVFGRD96   25.0    90    75    25   3.78 0.4464
WVFGRD96   26.0    90    75    25   3.79 0.4401
WVFGRD96   27.0    90    75    25   3.80 0.4334
WVFGRD96   28.0    90    75    25   3.80 0.4270
WVFGRD96   29.0    90    75    25   3.81 0.4205

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    8.0   265    60     5   3.63 0.5673

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00