Location
Location ANSS
The ANSS event ID is nn00371697 and the event page is at
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nn00371697/executive.
2012/03/20 02:17:46 38.416 -118.715 3.4 3.5 Nevada
Focal Mechanism
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2012/03/20 02:17:46:0 38.42 -118.71 3.4 3.5 Nevada
Stations used:
BK.CMB BK.ORV BK.WDC BK.YBH CI.GSC CI.ISA CI.LDF CI.OSI
LB.DAC NC.AFD NC.MDPB NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.OMMB NN.PAH NN.RYN
NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER UU.BGU UU.CCUT UU.NLU
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 4.17e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.68
Z = 5 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 155 76 -159
NP2 60 70 -15
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 4.17e+21 4 287
N 0.00e+00 65 188
P -4.17e+21 24 19
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -2.76e+21
Mxy -2.19e+21
Mxz -1.40e+21
Myy 3.45e+21
Myz -7.79e+20
Mzz -6.94e+20
--------------
##------------- ----
#####------------- P -------
#######------------ --------
#########-------------------------
##########--------------------------
############------------------------##
############----------------------####
T ############--------------------######
#############-----------------#########
#################--------------###########
#################------------#############
##################--------################
##################----##################
########################################
#############------###################
#####--------------#################
--------------------##############
-------------------###########
-------------------#########
------------------####
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-6.94e+20 -1.40e+21 7.79e+20
-1.40e+21 -2.76e+21 2.19e+21
7.79e+20 2.19e+21 3.45e+21
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20120320021746/index.html
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Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is
STK = 60
DIP = 70
RAKE = -15
MW = 3.68
HS = 5.0
The NDK file is 20120320021746.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.
| SLU |
UNR |
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2012/03/20 02:17:46:0 38.42 -118.71 3.4 3.5 Nevada
Stations used:
BK.CMB BK.ORV BK.WDC BK.YBH CI.GSC CI.ISA CI.LDF CI.OSI
LB.DAC NC.AFD NC.MDPB NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.OMMB NN.PAH NN.RYN
NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER UU.BGU UU.CCUT UU.NLU
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 4.17e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.68
Z = 5 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 155 76 -159
NP2 60 70 -15
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 4.17e+21 4 287
N 0.00e+00 65 188
P -4.17e+21 24 19
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -2.76e+21
Mxy -2.19e+21
Mxz -1.40e+21
Myy 3.45e+21
Myz -7.79e+20
Mzz -6.94e+20
--------------
##------------- ----
#####------------- P -------
#######------------ --------
#########-------------------------
##########--------------------------
############------------------------##
############----------------------####
T ############--------------------######
#############-----------------#########
#################--------------###########
#################------------#############
##################--------################
##################----##################
########################################
#############------###################
#####--------------#################
--------------------##############
-------------------###########
-------------------#########
------------------####
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-6.94e+20 -1.40e+21 7.79e+20
-1.40e+21 -2.76e+21 2.19e+21
7.79e+20 2.19e+21 3.45e+21
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20120320021746/index.html
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REVIEWED BY NSL STAFF
Event ID:371697
Origin ID:897600
Algorithm: Ichinose (2003) Long Period, Regional-Distance Waves
Seismic Moment Tensor Solution
2012/03/20 (080) 02:17:46.00 38.4158 -118.7152 001
Depth = 4.0 (km)
Mw = 3.73
Mo = 4.95x10^21 (dyne x cm)
Percent Double Couple = 88 %
Percent CLVD = 12 %
no ISO calculated
Epsilon=-0.06
Percent Variance Reduction = 58.06 %
Total Fit = 4.35
Major Double Couple
strike dip rake
Nodal Plane 1: 58 46 -18
Nodal Plane 2: 161 77 -135
DEVIATORIC MOMENT TENSOR
Moment Tensor Elements: Spherical Coordinates
Mrr= -1.62 Mtt= -2.02 Mff= 3.65
Mrt= -1.55 Mrf= 2.75 Mtf= 2.13 EXP=21
Moment Tensor Elements: Cartesian Coordinates
-2.02 -2.13 -1.55
-2.13 3.65 -2.75
-1.55 -2.75 -1.62
Eigenvalues:
T-axis eigenvalue= 5.10
N-axis eigenvalue= -0.31
P-axis eigenvalue= -4.79
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Major Double Couple:
T-axis ev= 5.10 trend=282 plunge=19
N-axis ev= 0.00 trend=173 plunge=43
P-axis ev=-5.10 trend=30 plunge=41
Maximum Azmuithal Gap=248 Distance to Nearest Station= 87.9 (km)
Number of Stations (D=Displacement/V=Velocity) Used=5 (defining only)
MLAC.CI.D CMB.BK.D TIN.CI.D HELL.BK.D
GRA.CI.D
##---------------
######-------------------
########---------------------
##########----------- ---------
###########----------- P ----------
#############---------- ----------##
-##############-----------------------###
###############-----------------------###
################----------------------####
T ################---------------------#####
#################--------------------######
##################-------------------#######
###################-----------------########
####################--------------##########
####################-------------##########
#####################----------############
#####################-------#############
#####################---################
#######################################
-#################-#################
-------------------##############
------------------###########
-----------------########
---------------###
All Stations defining and nondefining:
Station.Net Def Distance Azi Bazi lo-f hi-f vmodel
(km) (deg) (deg) (Hz) (Hz)
MLAC.CI (D) Y 87.9 187 7 0.020 0.080 MLAC.CI.wus.glib
CMB.BK (D) Y 152.3 254 73 0.020 0.080 CMB.BK.wus.glib
TIN.CI (D) Y 157.6 164 344 0.020 0.080 TIN.CI.wus.glib
HELL.BK (D) Y 194.7 188 8 0.020 0.080 HELL.BK.wus.glib
GRA.CI (D) Y 196.8 143 323 0.020 0.080 GRA.CI.wus.glib
(V)-velocity (D)-Displacement
Author: www-data
Date: 2012/03/20 02:48:42
mtinv Version 2.1_DEVEL OCT2008
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Magnitudes
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula
for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
ML Magnitude
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Context
The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.
Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the
stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 60 80 -25 3.45 0.4266
WVFGRD96 1.0 60 75 -20 3.48 0.4586
WVFGRD96 2.0 60 75 -20 3.58 0.5745
WVFGRD96 3.0 55 65 -25 3.65 0.6184
WVFGRD96 4.0 60 70 -15 3.66 0.6312
WVFGRD96 5.0 60 70 -15 3.68 0.6313
WVFGRD96 6.0 60 75 -15 3.69 0.6225
WVFGRD96 7.0 60 75 -10 3.71 0.6134
WVFGRD96 8.0 65 60 15 3.75 0.6179
WVFGRD96 9.0 65 60 15 3.76 0.6180
WVFGRD96 10.0 65 60 15 3.77 0.6147
WVFGRD96 11.0 65 60 15 3.78 0.6090
WVFGRD96 12.0 65 60 15 3.79 0.6025
WVFGRD96 13.0 65 60 15 3.80 0.5943
WVFGRD96 14.0 65 60 15 3.81 0.5850
WVFGRD96 15.0 65 65 15 3.81 0.5752
WVFGRD96 16.0 65 65 15 3.82 0.5664
WVFGRD96 17.0 65 65 10 3.83 0.5572
WVFGRD96 18.0 65 65 10 3.83 0.5478
WVFGRD96 19.0 65 65 10 3.84 0.5374
WVFGRD96 20.0 65 65 10 3.85 0.5269
WVFGRD96 21.0 65 60 10 3.85 0.5162
WVFGRD96 22.0 65 60 5 3.86 0.5085
WVFGRD96 23.0 65 60 5 3.87 0.5015
WVFGRD96 24.0 60 60 -5 3.87 0.4952
WVFGRD96 25.0 60 60 -5 3.88 0.4896
WVFGRD96 26.0 60 60 -5 3.88 0.4836
WVFGRD96 27.0 60 60 -10 3.89 0.4782
WVFGRD96 28.0 60 60 -10 3.90 0.4721
WVFGRD96 29.0 60 60 -10 3.90 0.4660
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 5.0 60 70 -15 3.68 0.6313
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
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Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
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A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Velocity Model
The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows
(The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Last Changed Fri Apr 26 08:32:08 PM CDT 2024
