The ANSS event ID is se609654 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/se609654/executive.
2012/01/30 23:39:47 37.945 -77.983 3.2 3.1 Virginia
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2012/01/30 23:39:47:0 37.94 -77.98 3.2 3.1 Virginia Stations used: GS.CVRD GS.PTRD GS.SPFD US.BLA US.CBN YC.IP02 YC.IP03 YC.IP04 YC.IP07 Filtering commands used: hp c 0.06 n 3 lp c 0.30 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 6.46e+20 dyne-cm Mw = 3.14 Z = 3 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 47 73 100 NP2 195 20 60 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 6.46e+20 61 332 N 0.00e+00 10 223 P -6.46e+20 27 128 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -7.93e+19 Mxy 1.85e+20 Mxz 4.04e+20 Myy -2.80e+20 Myz -3.35e+20 Mzz 3.59e+20 ------######## -----################# -----####################### ----########################## -----##########################--- ----###########################----- ----########## ##############------- ----########### T #############--------- ----########### ############---------- ----##########################------------ ----########################-------------- ----######################---------------- ----####################------------------ ---##################------------------- ----###############--------------------- ---#############------------- ------ ---#########---------------- P ----- ---#####------------------- ---- -#---------------------------- ###------------------------- ##-------------------- -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 3.59e+20 4.04e+20 3.35e+20 4.04e+20 -7.93e+19 -1.85e+20 3.35e+20 -1.85e+20 -2.80e+20 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20120130233947/index.html |
STK = 195 DIP = 20 RAKE = 60 MW = 3.14 HS = 3.0
The NDK file is 20120130233947.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
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The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.06 n 3 lp c 0.30 n 3The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT WVFGRD96 0.5 40 90 85 3.24 0.4620 WVFGRD96 1.0 40 90 85 3.23 0.4831 WVFGRD96 2.0 210 15 75 3.14 0.5391 WVFGRD96 3.0 195 20 60 3.14 0.5643 WVFGRD96 4.0 185 20 55 3.15 0.5572 WVFGRD96 5.0 170 20 35 3.16 0.5354 WVFGRD96 6.0 180 15 45 3.18 0.5137 WVFGRD96 7.0 175 15 40 3.20 0.4745 WVFGRD96 8.0 190 15 50 3.23 0.4435 WVFGRD96 9.0 185 15 45 3.25 0.4246 WVFGRD96 10.0 190 15 40 3.31 0.4058 WVFGRD96 11.0 180 20 30 3.34 0.3856 WVFGRD96 12.0 220 60 -85 3.28 0.3850 WVFGRD96 13.0 45 35 -85 3.30 0.3899 WVFGRD96 14.0 60 35 -70 3.33 0.3893 WVFGRD96 15.0 60 35 -65 3.35 0.3985 WVFGRD96 16.0 65 40 -60 3.36 0.3951 WVFGRD96 17.0 75 45 -50 3.39 0.3974 WVFGRD96 18.0 75 45 -50 3.40 0.3971 WVFGRD96 19.0 75 50 -50 3.41 0.3938 WVFGRD96 20.0 80 50 -45 3.45 0.3933 WVFGRD96 21.0 80 55 -45 3.47 0.3891 WVFGRD96 22.0 80 55 -45 3.48 0.3813 WVFGRD96 23.0 80 55 -45 3.49 0.3783 WVFGRD96 24.0 80 60 -45 3.51 0.3787 WVFGRD96 25.0 80 60 -45 3.52 0.3780 WVFGRD96 26.0 80 60 -45 3.53 0.3733 WVFGRD96 27.0 80 60 -45 3.54 0.3662 WVFGRD96 28.0 80 60 -45 3.55 0.3652 WVFGRD96 29.0 80 60 -45 3.56 0.3620
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 3.0 195 20 60 3.14 0.5643
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.06 n 3 lp c 0.30 n 3
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Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample. |
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. |
A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
The CUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01 CUS Model with Q from simple gamma values ISOTROPIC KGS FLAT EARTH 1-D CONSTANT VELOCITY LINE08 LINE09 LINE10 LINE11 H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS 1.0000 5.0000 2.8900 2.5000 0.172E-02 0.387E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 9.0000 6.1000 3.5200 2.7300 0.160E-02 0.363E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 10.0000 6.4000 3.7000 2.8200 0.149E-02 0.336E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 20.0000 6.7000 3.8700 2.9020 0.000E-04 0.000E-04 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.0000 8.1500 4.7000 3.3640 0.194E-02 0.431E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00