The ANSS event ID is ak011fra2x6x and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak011fra2x6x/executive.
2011/12/09 01:25:41 62.253 -145.650 16.1 4.5 Alaska
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2011/12/09 01:25:41:0 62.25 -145.65 16.1 4.5 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BMR AK.BPAW AK.BRLK AK.CAST AK.CCB AK.CHUM AK.CNP
AK.COLD AK.DHY AK.DIV AK.EYAK AK.FID AK.FYU AK.GHO AK.HDA
AK.HIN AK.HMT AK.HOM AK.KAI AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCK
AK.MDM AK.MLY AK.PAX AK.PPLA AK.RAG AK.RC01 AK.RND AK.SAW
AK.SCM AK.SGA AK.SKN AK.SSN AK.SWD AK.TRF AK.WAX AT.MENT
AT.MID AT.PMR AT.SVW2 CN.DAWY IU.COLA US.EGAK
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.07 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 4.68e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.38
Z = 19 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 324 69 112
NP2 95 30 45
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 4.68e+22 60 266
N 0.00e+00 21 136
P -4.68e+22 21 37
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -2.56e+22
Mxy -1.88e+22
Mxz -1.40e+22
Myy -3.09e+21
Myz -3.00e+22
Mzz 2.86e+22
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#####----------------- ---
#########-------------- P ----
#############------------ ------
################--------------------
###################-------------------
######################------------------
#######################-----------------
##########################----------------
-########### ############---------------
-########### T #############--------------
--########## ##############------------#
--###########################----------#
---###########################--------##
----##########################-----###
-----########################---####
-------###########################
----------############-----###
--------------------------##
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Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
2.86e+22 -1.40e+22 3.00e+22
-1.40e+22 -2.56e+22 1.88e+22
3.00e+22 1.88e+22 -3.09e+21
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20111209012541/index.html
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STK = 95
DIP = 30
RAKE = 45
MW = 4.38
HS = 19.0
The NDK file is 20111209012541.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
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The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 310 45 -90 3.93 0.3030
WVFGRD96 1.0 305 45 -90 3.97 0.2868
WVFGRD96 2.0 310 40 90 4.08 0.3567
WVFGRD96 3.0 130 50 90 4.13 0.3085
WVFGRD96 4.0 130 75 45 4.10 0.2633
WVFGRD96 5.0 55 20 -10 4.16 0.3138
WVFGRD96 6.0 60 20 0 4.16 0.3702
WVFGRD96 7.0 65 20 5 4.17 0.4177
WVFGRD96 8.0 70 20 10 4.25 0.4542
WVFGRD96 9.0 85 20 30 4.27 0.5040
WVFGRD96 10.0 95 20 40 4.28 0.5483
WVFGRD96 11.0 95 25 40 4.30 0.5881
WVFGRD96 12.0 100 25 50 4.31 0.6242
WVFGRD96 13.0 100 25 50 4.32 0.6536
WVFGRD96 14.0 100 30 50 4.34 0.6778
WVFGRD96 15.0 100 30 50 4.35 0.6975
WVFGRD96 16.0 100 30 50 4.36 0.7119
WVFGRD96 17.0 100 30 50 4.37 0.7217
WVFGRD96 18.0 100 30 50 4.37 0.7276
WVFGRD96 19.0 95 30 45 4.38 0.7300
WVFGRD96 20.0 95 30 40 4.39 0.7298
WVFGRD96 21.0 95 30 40 4.41 0.7277
WVFGRD96 22.0 95 30 40 4.42 0.7228
WVFGRD96 23.0 90 30 35 4.42 0.7157
WVFGRD96 24.0 90 30 35 4.43 0.7070
WVFGRD96 25.0 90 30 35 4.44 0.6965
WVFGRD96 26.0 90 30 35 4.44 0.6844
WVFGRD96 27.0 90 30 35 4.45 0.6711
WVFGRD96 28.0 90 30 35 4.46 0.6563
WVFGRD96 29.0 90 30 35 4.46 0.6402
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 19.0 95 30 45 4.38 0.7300
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3
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| Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample. |
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| Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. |
A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00