The ANSS event ID is ak011bupvsma and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak011bupvsma/executive.
2011/09/15 02:06:48 59.062 -138.020 4.4 4.8 Alaska
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2011/09/15 02:06:48:0 59.06 -138.02 4.4 4.8 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BESE AK.CTG AK.DOT AK.PAX AK.SCM AT.CRAG AT.MENT AT.YKU2
CN.BVCY CN.DAWY CN.DLBC CN.HYT CN.PLBC CN.WHY CN.YUK1
CN.YUK2 CN.YUK3 CN.YUK5 CN.YUK6 CN.YUK7 US.WRAK
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 9.02e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.57
Z = 14 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 95 70 30
NP2 354 62 157
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 9.02e+22 35 317
N 0.00e+00 54 126
P -9.02e+22 5 223
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.60e+22
Mxy -7.48e+22
Mxz 3.67e+22
Myy -1.30e+22
Myz -2.36e+22
Mzz 2.90e+22
######--------
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################------------
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###### ############-------------
####### T #############-------------
######## ##############-------------
##########################--------------
##########################--------------
############################--------------
-###########################--------------
----########################--------------
---------###################------------##
----------------###########------#######
---------------------------#############
--------------------------############
-------------------------###########
-- ------------------###########
P ------------------#########
-----------------#########
---------------#######
----------####
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
2.90e+22 3.67e+22 2.36e+22
3.67e+22 -1.60e+22 7.48e+22
2.36e+22 7.48e+22 -1.30e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20110915020648/index.html
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STK = 95
DIP = 70
RAKE = 30
MW = 4.57
HS = 14.0
The NDK file is 20110915020648.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
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The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 135 45 -85 4.34 0.4008
WVFGRD96 1.0 135 45 -85 4.39 0.4031
WVFGRD96 2.0 85 65 -55 4.41 0.3446
WVFGRD96 3.0 75 60 -45 4.43 0.3562
WVFGRD96 4.0 260 70 -55 4.42 0.3788
WVFGRD96 5.0 255 70 -50 4.43 0.4186
WVFGRD96 6.0 255 70 -50 4.43 0.4531
WVFGRD96 7.0 260 75 -45 4.44 0.4722
WVFGRD96 8.0 260 75 -45 4.44 0.4865
WVFGRD96 9.0 95 70 35 4.47 0.5121
WVFGRD96 10.0 95 70 35 4.51 0.5317
WVFGRD96 11.0 95 70 35 4.52 0.5507
WVFGRD96 12.0 95 70 35 4.54 0.5627
WVFGRD96 13.0 95 70 30 4.56 0.5692
WVFGRD96 14.0 95 70 30 4.57 0.5711
WVFGRD96 15.0 95 70 30 4.58 0.5677
WVFGRD96 16.0 95 70 30 4.59 0.5597
WVFGRD96 17.0 95 70 30 4.60 0.5472
WVFGRD96 18.0 95 70 30 4.61 0.5305
WVFGRD96 19.0 100 70 30 4.62 0.5104
WVFGRD96 20.0 100 65 30 4.65 0.4972
WVFGRD96 21.0 100 65 30 4.66 0.4738
WVFGRD96 22.0 285 55 45 4.64 0.4529
WVFGRD96 23.0 285 55 45 4.64 0.4353
WVFGRD96 24.0 285 55 45 4.65 0.4164
WVFGRD96 25.0 285 55 45 4.66 0.3968
WVFGRD96 26.0 285 55 45 4.66 0.3764
WVFGRD96 27.0 285 55 45 4.66 0.3556
WVFGRD96 28.0 285 55 45 4.67 0.3348
WVFGRD96 29.0 285 55 45 4.67 0.3142
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 14.0 95 70 30 4.57 0.5711
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3
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| Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample. |
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| Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. |
A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
The CUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01 CUS Model with Q from simple gamma values ISOTROPIC KGS FLAT EARTH 1-D CONSTANT VELOCITY LINE08 LINE09 LINE10 LINE11 H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS 1.0000 5.0000 2.8900 2.5000 0.172E-02 0.387E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 9.0000 6.1000 3.5200 2.7300 0.160E-02 0.363E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 10.0000 6.4000 3.7000 2.8200 0.149E-02 0.336E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 20.0000 6.7000 3.8700 2.9020 0.000E-04 0.000E-04 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.0000 8.1500 4.7000 3.3640 0.194E-02 0.431E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00