Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is nm608418 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nm608418/executive.

2011/02/20 15:15:00 35.260 -92.375 5.1 3.6 Arkansas

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2011/02/20 15:15:00:0  35.26  -92.38   5.1 3.6 Arkansas
 
 Stations used:
   AG.LCAR AG.WHAR AG.WLAR NM.MGMO NM.X102 NM.X201 TA.139A 
   TA.P40A TA.R40A TA.S35A TA.S36A TA.S38A TA.S39A TA.S40A 
   TA.T35A TA.T38A TA.T40A TA.TUL1 TA.U37A TA.U40A TA.V34A 
   TA.V35A TA.V36A TA.V37A TA.V38A TA.V39A TA.W34A TA.W36A 
   TA.W38A TA.W39A TA.W40A TA.X36A TA.X37A TA.X39A TA.X40A 
   TA.Y37A TA.Y39A TA.Y40A TA.Z39A TA.Z40A 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   hp c 0.03 n 3
   lp c 0.10 n 3
   br c 0.12 0.20 n 4 p 2
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 2.75e+21 dyne-cm
  Mw = 3.56 
  Z  = 3 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      201    85   -170
   NP2      110    80    -5
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   2.75e+21      4     335
    N   0.00e+00     79     227
    P  -2.75e+21     11      66

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     1.81e+21
       Mxy    -2.04e+21
       Mxz    -4.90e+19
       Myy    -1.73e+21
       Myz    -5.25e+20
       Mzz    -8.21e+19
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ##############                  
                 # T #############-----              
              ####   ############---------           
             ###################-----------          
           #####################-------------        
          #####################------------          
         #####################------------- P -      
        -####################--------------   --     
        ----################--------------------     
       --------#############---------------------    
       ------------########----------------------    
       ----------------###-----------------------    
       -------------------##---------------------    
        -----------------#########--------------     
        ----------------##################------     
         ---------------#######################      
          -------------#######################       
           ------------######################        
             ---------#####################          
              -------#####################           
                 ----##################              
                     ##############                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -8.21e+19  -4.90e+19   5.25e+20 
 -4.90e+19   1.81e+21   2.04e+21 
  5.25e+20   2.04e+21  -1.73e+21 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20110220151500/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 110
      DIP = 80
     RAKE = -5
       MW = 3.56
       HS = 3.0

The NDK file is 20110220151500.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

mLg Magnitude


Left: mLg computed using the IASPEI formula. Center: mLg residuals versus epicentral distance ; the values used for the trimmed mean magnitude estimate are indicated. Right: residuals as a function of distance and azimuth.

ML Magnitude


Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.


Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.20 n 4 p 2
The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    0.5   290    25     0   3.63 0.4270
WVFGRD96    1.0   285    50   -15   3.52 0.4599
WVFGRD96    2.0   290    90     5   3.50 0.5060
WVFGRD96    3.0   110    80    -5   3.56 0.5155
WVFGRD96    4.0   110    85    -5   3.59 0.5101
WVFGRD96    5.0   295    90     5   3.60 0.4983
WVFGRD96    6.0   295    80     5   3.61 0.4834
WVFGRD96    7.0   295    70     5   3.63 0.4743
WVFGRD96    8.0   295    70     5   3.65 0.4653
WVFGRD96    9.0   295    65     5   3.67 0.4580
WVFGRD96   10.0   295    60    10   3.70 0.4493
WVFGRD96   11.0   295    60     5   3.71 0.4374
WVFGRD96   12.0   295    60     5   3.73 0.4250
WVFGRD96   13.0   295    60     5   3.74 0.4147
WVFGRD96   14.0   295    60     5   3.75 0.4044
WVFGRD96   15.0   295    60     5   3.76 0.3946
WVFGRD96   16.0   295    60     5   3.77 0.3863
WVFGRD96   17.0   295    55     5   3.78 0.3793
WVFGRD96   18.0   295    55     5   3.79 0.3727
WVFGRD96   19.0   295    55     5   3.79 0.3662
WVFGRD96   20.0   290    55     5   3.81 0.3598
WVFGRD96   21.0   290    55     5   3.82 0.3541
WVFGRD96   22.0   290    55     5   3.83 0.3478
WVFGRD96   23.0   290    55     5   3.83 0.3415
WVFGRD96   24.0   290    50     5   3.84 0.3353
WVFGRD96   25.0   290    50     5   3.85 0.3293
WVFGRD96   26.0   290    50     5   3.85 0.3237
WVFGRD96   27.0   290    50     5   3.86 0.3187
WVFGRD96   28.0   290    50     5   3.87 0.3140
WVFGRD96   29.0   285    50     0   3.87 0.3100

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    3.0   110    80    -5   3.56 0.5155

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.20 n 4 p 2
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The CUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
CUS Model with Q from simple gamma values
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
  H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)   QP   QS  ETAP  ETAS  FREFP  FREFS
  1.0000  5.0000  2.8900  2.5000 0.172E-02 0.387E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
  9.0000  6.1000  3.5200  2.7300 0.160E-02 0.363E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
 10.0000  6.4000  3.7000  2.8200 0.149E-02 0.336E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
 20.0000  6.7000  3.8700  2.9020 0.000E-04 0.000E-04 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
  0.0000  8.1500  4.7000  3.3640 0.194E-02 0.431E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
Last Changed Sat Apr 27 11:56:38 AM CDT 2024