Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is uw10770563 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/uw10770563/executive.

2009/03/30 07:06:10 47.600 -123.484 43.6 3.6 Washington

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2009/03/30 07:06:10:0 47.60 -123.48 43.6 3.6 Washington Stations used: US.NLWA UW.STOR XU.BS11 XU.C04A XU.W030 XU.W040 XU.W060 YW.FACB YW.FACC Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.06 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 7.76e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.86 Z = 46 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 185 60 -65 NP2 322 38 -126 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 7.76e+21 12 257 N 0.00e+00 21 352 P -7.76e+21 65 141 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -4.47e+20 Mxy 2.27e+21 Mxz 1.94e+21 Myy 6.54e+21 Myz -3.36e+21 Mzz -6.09e+21 -------####### ----------############ ###########---############## ###########-------############ ############-----------########### #############-------------########## #############----------------######### #############------------------######### #############-------------------######## ##############--------------------######## #############----------------------####### #############-----------------------###### # #########---------- ----------###### T #########---------- P ----------##### #########---------- ----------##### ############----------------------#### ###########----------------------### ##########----------------------## #########--------------------# #########------------------# #######--------------- ####---------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -6.09e+21 1.94e+21 3.36e+21 1.94e+21 -4.47e+20 -2.27e+21 3.36e+21 -2.27e+21 6.54e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20090330070610/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 185
      DIP = 60
     RAKE = -65
       MW = 3.86
       HS = 46.0

The NDK file is 20090330070610.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Magnitudes

Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and M_L by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula for M_L is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined M_L. The defined M_L uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.

ML Magnitude

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot. Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3

The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    2.0   195    50   -55   3.24 0.3567
WVFGRD96    4.0    30    90    20   3.29 0.3628
WVFGRD96    6.0    65    35    40   3.37 0.4065
WVFGRD96    8.0    65    35    45   3.45 0.4630
WVFGRD96   10.0    65    35    50   3.47 0.4901
WVFGRD96   12.0    65    40    50   3.47 0.5048
WVFGRD96   14.0    35    50   -45   3.47 0.5109
WVFGRD96   16.0    35    50   -45   3.49 0.5398
WVFGRD96   18.0    35    50   -45   3.51 0.5572
WVFGRD96   20.0    35    50   -45   3.52 0.5662
WVFGRD96   22.0   200    55   -55   3.57 0.5766
WVFGRD96   24.0   205    60   -50   3.59 0.5866
WVFGRD96   26.0   205    60   -50   3.61 0.5913
WVFGRD96   28.0    25    50   -60   3.61 0.6048
WVFGRD96   30.0     0    40   -90   3.63 0.6243
WVFGRD96   32.0    -5    35  -100   3.65 0.6439
WVFGRD96   34.0   185    55   -80   3.66 0.6684
WVFGRD96   36.0   185    55   -75   3.69 0.6867
WVFGRD96   38.0   185    55   -70   3.71 0.7025
WVFGRD96   40.0   180    55   -75   3.81 0.7412
WVFGRD96   42.0   180    55   -75   3.83 0.7501
WVFGRD96   44.0   185    60   -65   3.84 0.7516
WVFGRD96   46.0   185    60   -65   3.86 0.7534
WVFGRD96   48.0   185    60   -65   3.86 0.7493
WVFGRD96   50.0   185    60   -65   3.87 0.7431
WVFGRD96   52.0   185    65   -60   3.89 0.7395
WVFGRD96   54.0   185    65   -60   3.89 0.7342
WVFGRD96   56.0   185    65   -65   3.89 0.7264
WVFGRD96   58.0   185    65   -65   3.90 0.7154
WVFGRD96   60.0   180    65   -70   3.90 0.7034
WVFGRD96   62.0   185    70   -65   3.91 0.6959
WVFGRD96   64.0   185    70   -65   3.92 0.6866
WVFGRD96   66.0   180    70   -75   3.92 0.6764
WVFGRD96   68.0   180    70   -75   3.92 0.6671
WVFGRD96   70.0   180    70   -75   3.92 0.6565
WVFGRD96   72.0   175    70   -90   3.93 0.6461
WVFGRD96   74.0    45    35   -30   3.97 0.6443
WVFGRD96   76.0    45    35   -30   3.98 0.6375
WVFGRD96   78.0    50    40   -20   3.99 0.6340
WVFGRD96   80.0    50    40   -20   4.00 0.6295
WVFGRD96   82.0    50    40   -20   4.00 0.6244
WVFGRD96   84.0    50    40   -20   4.01 0.6166
WVFGRD96   86.0    50    40   -20   4.01 0.6058
WVFGRD96   88.0    50    40   -20   4.01 0.5927
WVFGRD96   90.0    50    40   -20   4.01 0.5776
WVFGRD96   92.0    55    45   -15   4.03 0.5630
WVFGRD96   94.0    55    45   -15   4.03 0.5496
WVFGRD96   96.0    55    50   -10   4.03 0.5261
WVFGRD96   98.0    50    60     5   4.03 0.4969

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   46.0   185    60   -65   3.86 0.7534

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00

Last Changed Sun Apr 28 01:08:04 PM CDT 2024