Location
Location ANSS
The ANSS event ID is ak008dvotc4t and the event page is at
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ak008dvotc4t/executive.
2008/10/28 14:30:12 66.412 -157.727 15.3 4.9 Alaska
Focal Mechanism
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2008/10/28 14:30:12:0 66.41 -157.73 15.3 4.9 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.CAST AK.COLD AK.MCK AK.PPLA AK.TNA AK.TRF AT.PMR AT.SVW2
IU.COLA
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.46e+23 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.71
Z = 16 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 345 75 -25
NP2 82 66 -164
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.46e+23 6 35
N 0.00e+00 61 136
P -1.46e+23 28 302
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 6.61e+22
Mxy 1.19e+23
Mxz -1.93e+22
Myy -3.52e+22
Myz 6.06e+22
Mzz -3.09e+22
--############
--------#############
------------############ T #
--------------########### ##
-----------------#################
---- ------------#################
----- P ------------##################
------ -------------##################
-----------------------#################
------------------------#################-
-------------------------###############--
-------------------------############-----
--------------------------########--------
###----------------------###------------
############-----########---------------
#########################-------------
########################------------
#######################-----------
#####################---------
####################--------
#################-----
#############-
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-3.09e+22 -1.93e+22 -6.06e+22
-1.93e+22 6.61e+22 -1.19e+23
-6.06e+22 -1.19e+23 -3.52e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20081028143012/index.html
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Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is
STK = 345
DIP = 75
RAKE = -25
MW = 4.71
HS = 16.0
The NDK file is 20081028143012.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.
| SLU |
AEIC |
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2008/10/28 14:30:12:0 66.41 -157.73 15.3 4.9 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.CAST AK.COLD AK.MCK AK.PPLA AK.TNA AK.TRF AT.PMR AT.SVW2
IU.COLA
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.46e+23 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.71
Z = 16 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 345 75 -25
NP2 82 66 -164
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.46e+23 6 35
N 0.00e+00 61 136
P -1.46e+23 28 302
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 6.61e+22
Mxy 1.19e+23
Mxz -1.93e+22
Myy -3.52e+22
Myz 6.06e+22
Mzz -3.09e+22
--############
--------#############
------------############ T #
--------------########### ##
-----------------#################
---- ------------#################
----- P ------------##################
------ -------------##################
-----------------------#################
------------------------#################-
-------------------------###############--
-------------------------############-----
--------------------------########--------
###----------------------###------------
############-----########---------------
#########################-------------
########################------------
#######################-----------
#####################---------
####################--------
#################-----
#############-
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-3.09e+22 -1.93e+22 -6.06e+22
-1.93e+22 6.61e+22 -1.19e+23
-6.06e+22 -1.19e+23 -3.52e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20081028143012/index.html
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Moment tensor inversion summary for event 2008/10/28 14:30
Date: 2008/10/28
Time: 14:30 (UTC)
Region: North-central Region of Alaska
Mw=4.8
Location:
Lat. 66.4123; Lon. -157.7271; Depth 5 km
(Best-fitting depth from moment tensor inversion)
Solution quality: good;
Number of stations = 8
Best Double Couple:
strike dip rake
Plane 1: 265.5 74.1 -135.6
Plane 2: 160.6 47.7 -21.7
Moment Tensor Parameters:
Mo = 1.96293e+23 dyn-cm
Mxx = 0.99; Mxy = 1.30; Mxz = 1.11
Myy = -0.24; Myz = -0.37; Mzz = -0.75
Principal Axes:
value azimuth plunge
T: 2.03 27.33 16.42
N: -0.14 281.13 43.42
P: -1.89 132.71 41.99
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Magnitudes
Given the availability of digital waveforms for determination of the moment tensor, this section documents the added processing leading to mLg, if appropriate to the region, and ML by application of the respective IASPEI formulae. As a research study, the linear distance term of the IASPEI formula
for ML is adjusted to remove a linear distance trend in residuals to give a regionally defined ML. The defined ML uses horizontal component recordings, but the same procedure is applied to the vertical components since there may be some interest in vertical component ground motions. Residual plots versus distance may indicate interesting features of ground motion scaling in some distance ranges. A residual plot of the regionalized magnitude is given as a function of distance and azimuth, since data sets may transcend different wave propagation provinces.
ML Magnitude
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components. Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Left: ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research). Center: ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Right: Residuals from new relation as a function of distance and azimuth.
Context
The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.
Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event (star) and the
stations used for (red) the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green's functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
The results of this grid search are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 160 70 -40 4.65 0.5142
WVFGRD96 1.0 160 70 -40 4.65 0.5199
WVFGRD96 2.0 165 70 -30 4.63 0.5243
WVFGRD96 3.0 330 35 -40 4.75 0.5301
WVFGRD96 4.0 335 45 -40 4.71 0.5318
WVFGRD96 5.0 335 65 -45 4.68 0.5493
WVFGRD96 6.0 335 65 -40 4.67 0.5640
WVFGRD96 7.0 335 65 -40 4.67 0.5749
WVFGRD96 8.0 340 65 -35 4.67 0.5845
WVFGRD96 9.0 340 65 -35 4.67 0.5922
WVFGRD96 10.0 340 65 -35 4.69 0.6004
WVFGRD96 11.0 340 65 -35 4.69 0.6071
WVFGRD96 12.0 340 65 -30 4.69 0.6111
WVFGRD96 13.0 340 70 -30 4.69 0.6152
WVFGRD96 14.0 345 70 -25 4.70 0.6175
WVFGRD96 15.0 345 75 -25 4.70 0.6190
WVFGRD96 16.0 345 75 -25 4.71 0.6200
WVFGRD96 17.0 345 75 -25 4.71 0.6193
WVFGRD96 18.0 345 75 -25 4.72 0.6175
WVFGRD96 19.0 345 75 -20 4.73 0.6150
WVFGRD96 20.0 345 75 -25 4.74 0.6130
WVFGRD96 21.0 345 75 -25 4.75 0.6094
WVFGRD96 22.0 345 75 -25 4.75 0.6049
WVFGRD96 23.0 345 75 -20 4.76 0.6004
WVFGRD96 24.0 345 75 -20 4.77 0.5954
WVFGRD96 25.0 345 75 -20 4.77 0.5896
WVFGRD96 26.0 345 75 -20 4.78 0.5832
WVFGRD96 27.0 345 75 -20 4.78 0.5762
WVFGRD96 28.0 345 80 -20 4.79 0.5694
WVFGRD96 29.0 345 80 -20 4.80 0.5622
WVFGRD96 30.0 345 80 -20 4.80 0.5546
WVFGRD96 31.0 170 85 20 4.81 0.5449
WVFGRD96 32.0 170 85 20 4.82 0.5379
WVFGRD96 33.0 170 85 15 4.84 0.5315
WVFGRD96 34.0 170 85 15 4.85 0.5254
WVFGRD96 35.0 170 85 15 4.86 0.5192
WVFGRD96 36.0 345 85 -15 4.86 0.5116
WVFGRD96 37.0 170 85 15 4.88 0.5057
WVFGRD96 38.0 350 85 -10 4.90 0.4966
WVFGRD96 39.0 350 85 -10 4.91 0.4885
WVFGRD96 40.0 170 80 20 4.94 0.4797
WVFGRD96 41.0 170 80 20 4.95 0.4746
WVFGRD96 42.0 170 80 20 4.96 0.4687
WVFGRD96 43.0 170 80 20 4.96 0.4623
WVFGRD96 44.0 170 80 20 4.97 0.4553
WVFGRD96 45.0 170 80 20 4.98 0.4481
WVFGRD96 46.0 170 80 20 4.98 0.4405
WVFGRD96 47.0 170 80 15 4.99 0.4330
WVFGRD96 48.0 170 80 15 5.00 0.4254
WVFGRD96 49.0 170 80 15 5.00 0.4175
WVFGRD96 50.0 170 80 15 5.01 0.4093
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 16.0 345 75 -25 4.71 0.6200
The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
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Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed, the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect and the epicentral parameters may be be off.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.05 n 3
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Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is relative to the first trace sample.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the waveforms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
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A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Velocity Model
The CUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows
(The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).
MODEL.01
CUS Model with Q from simple gamma values
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.0000 5.0000 2.8900 2.5000 0.172E-02 0.387E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
9.0000 6.1000 3.5200 2.7300 0.160E-02 0.363E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
10.0000 6.4000 3.7000 2.8200 0.149E-02 0.336E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
20.0000 6.7000 3.8700 2.9020 0.000E-04 0.000E-04 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 8.1500 4.7000 3.3640 0.194E-02 0.431E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Last Changed Sun Apr 28 01:02:34 PM CDT 2024
