Location

Location ANSS

The ANSS event ID is usp00066h6 and the event page is at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp00066h6/executive.

1994/01/16 01:49:16 40.33 -76.037 5 4.60 Pennsylvania

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 1994/01/16 01:49:16:0 40.330 -76.037 5.0 4.6 Pennsylvania Stations used: Filtering commands used: Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.00e+23 dyne-cm Mw = 4.60 Z = 3 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 135 49 68 NP2 347 46 113 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.00e+23 73 336 N 0.00e+00 16 150 P -1.00e+23 2 240 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -1.76e+22 Mxy -4.59e+22 Mxz 2.65e+22 Myy -7.42e+22 Myz -8.25e+21 Mzz 9.18e+22 #####--------- ############---------- #################----------- ####################---------- --######################---------- ---#######################---------- ----########################---------- -----############ ##########---------- ------########### T ##########---------- -------########### ###########---------- --------########################---------- ---------#######################---------- ----------#######################--------- ----------######################-------- ------------###################--------- ----------#################-------- P ------------###############------- ---------------###########------- ------------------#######----- -----------------------##### ------------------#### -------------# Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 9.18e+22 2.65e+22 8.25e+21 2.65e+22 -1.76e+22 4.59e+22 8.25e+21 4.59e+22 -7.42e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/19940116014916/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion or first motion observations is

      STK = 135
      DIP = 49
     RAKE = 68
       MW = 4.60
       HS = 3

The NDK file is 19940116014916.ndk

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to those provided by others. The purpose is to look for major differences and also to note slight differences that might be inherent to the processing procedure. For completeness the USGS/SLU solution is repeated from above.

SLU LDEO

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 1994/01/16 01:49:16:0 40.330 -76.037 5.0 4.6 Pennsylvania Stations used: Filtering commands used: Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.00e+23 dyne-cm Mw = 4.60 Z = 3 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 135 49 68 NP2 347 46 113 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.00e+23 73 336 N 0.00e+00 16 150 P -1.00e+23 2 240 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -1.76e+22 Mxy -4.59e+22 Mxz 2.65e+22 Myy -7.42e+22 Myz -8.25e+21 Mzz 9.18e+22 #####--------- ############---------- #################----------- ####################---------- --######################---------- ---#######################---------- ----########################---------- -----############ ##########---------- ------########### T ##########---------- -------########### ###########---------- --------########################---------- ---------#######################---------- ----------#######################--------- ----------######################-------- ------------###################--------- ----------#################-------- P ------------###############------- ---------------###########------- ------------------#######----- -----------------------##### ------------------#### -------------# Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 9.18e+22 2.65e+22 8.25e+21 2.65e+22 -1.76e+22 4.59e+22 8.25e+21 4.59e+22 -7.42e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/19940116014916/index.html

Du et al (2003) 1994/01/16 01:49:16:0 40.33 -76.04 5.0 4.6 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 8.41e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.55 Z = 5 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 159 48 102 NP2 321 43 77 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 8.41e+22 81 136 N 0.00e+00 9 331 P -8.41e+22 2 241 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -1.92e+22 Mxy -3.70e+22 Mxz -7.85e+21 Myy -6.26e+22 Myz 1.22e+22 Mzz 8.19e+22 -------------- ##-------------------- ----#######----------------- ----############-------------- ------###############------------- -------#################------------ -------####################----------- --------######################---------- --------#######################--------- ---------########################--------- ----------########################-------- ----------############ ##########------- -----------########### T ##########------- -----------########## ##########------ -----------########################----- --------#######################---- P ----------#####################--- -----------###################--- ------------#################- -------------##############- -------------######### -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 8.19e+22 -7.85e+21 -1.22e+22 -7.85e+21 -1.92e+22 3.70e+22 -1.22e+22 3.70e+22 -6.26e+22 Details of the solution is found in Du et al (2003).

Context

The left panel of the next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other nearby events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors). Thus context plot is useful for assessing the appropriateness of the moment tensor of this event.

Reference

Older earthquake were studied using analog seismograms, which were digitized and analyzed. The original data are not longer available. However focal mechanism solutions based on the waveforms are given in published literature. At the same time, a given earthquake may have been analyzed independently, and the reference is given here.

For this earthquake the source reference is the following:

Ammon, C. J., R. B. Herrmann, C. A. Langston, and H. Benz (1998). Source parameters of the January 16, 1994 Wyomissing Hills, Pennsylvania earthquakes, Seism. Res. Letters 69, 261-269.

Du, Wen-xuan; Kim, Won-Young; Sykes, Lynn R. (2003). Earthquake Source Parameters and State of Stress for the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada from Analysis of Regional Seismograms, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 93, 1633 - 1648.

Velocity Model

The CUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows (The format is in the model96 format of Computer Programs in Seismology).

MODEL.01
CUS Model with Q from simple gamma values
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
  H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)   QP   QS  ETAP  ETAS  FREFP  FREFS
  1.0000  5.0000  2.8900  2.5000 0.172E-02 0.387E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
  9.0000  6.1000  3.5200  2.7300 0.160E-02 0.363E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
 10.0000  6.4000  3.7000  2.8200 0.149E-02 0.336E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
 20.0000  6.7000  3.8700  2.9020 0.000E-04 0.000E-04 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00 
  0.0000  8.1500  4.7000  3.3640 0.194E-02 0.431E-02 0.00  0.00  1.00  1.00

Last Changed Wed Mar 27 15:37:12 CDT 2024