Location

Location ANSS

2023/03/16 14:59:10 56.095 -116.623 10.0 5.0 Alberta, Canada

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2023/03/16 14:59:10:0  56.10 -116.62  10.0 5.0 Alberta, Canada
 
 Stations used:
   1E.BCH1A 1E.BCH2A 1E.MONT1 1E.MONT2 1E.MONT3 1E.MONT4 
   1E.MONT5 1E.MONT7 1E.MONT9 1E.MONTA 1E.MONTC CN.BMTB 
   CN.FSJB PQ.NAB1 PQ.NAB2 PQ.NBC4 PQ.NBC8 RV.BDMTA RV.BRLDA 
   RV.DEDWA RV.EGLEA RV.FAIRA RV.FOXCA RV.KAKWA RV.LGPLA 
   RV.PECRA RV.REDDA RV.SNUFA RV.STPRA RV.SWHSA RV.THORA 
   RV.TONYA RV.WTMTA RV.YELLA TD.TD002 TD.TD008 TD.TD009 
   XL.MG01 XL.MG03 XL.MG04 XL.MG05 XL.MG08 XL.MG09 XL.MG10 
   XL.MG11 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.07 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 7.08e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.50 
  Z  = 3 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      304    46   100
   NP2      110    45    80
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   7.08e+22     83     294
    N   0.00e+00      7     117
    P  -7.08e+22      0      27

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -5.60e+22
       Mxy    -2.91e+22
       Mxz     2.97e+21
       Myy    -1.37e+22
       Myz    -8.17e+21
       Mzz     6.97e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     --------------                  
                 -------------------- P              
              -----------------------   --           
             ------------------------------          
           -#################----------------        
          #######################-------------       
         ##########################------------      
        -#############################----------     
        -##############################---------     
       ---##############   ##############--------    
       ---############## T ###############-------    
       ----#############   ################------    
       ------###############################-----    
        -------##############################---     
        ---------############################---     
         ----------##########################-#      
          -------------####################--#       
           -------------------#######--------        
             ------------------------------          
              ----------------------------           
                 ----------------------              
                     --------------                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
  6.97e+22   2.97e+21   8.17e+21 
  2.97e+21  -5.60e+22   2.91e+22 
  8.17e+21   2.91e+22  -1.37e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20230316145910/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 110
      DIP = 45
     RAKE = 80
       MW = 4.50
       HS = 3.0

The NDK file is 20230316145910.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2023/03/16 14:59:10:0  56.10 -116.62  10.0 5.0 Alberta, Canada
 
 Stations used:
   1E.BCH1A 1E.BCH2A 1E.MONT1 1E.MONT2 1E.MONT3 1E.MONT4 
   1E.MONT5 1E.MONT7 1E.MONT9 1E.MONTA 1E.MONTC CN.BMTB 
   CN.FSJB PQ.NAB1 PQ.NAB2 PQ.NBC4 PQ.NBC8 RV.BDMTA RV.BRLDA 
   RV.DEDWA RV.EGLEA RV.FAIRA RV.FOXCA RV.KAKWA RV.LGPLA 
   RV.PECRA RV.REDDA RV.SNUFA RV.STPRA RV.SWHSA RV.THORA 
   RV.TONYA RV.WTMTA RV.YELLA TD.TD002 TD.TD008 TD.TD009 
   XL.MG01 XL.MG03 XL.MG04 XL.MG05 XL.MG08 XL.MG09 XL.MG10 
   XL.MG11 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.07 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 7.08e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.50 
  Z  = 3 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      304    46   100
   NP2      110    45    80
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   7.08e+22     83     294
    N   0.00e+00      7     117
    P  -7.08e+22      0      27

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -5.60e+22
       Mxy    -2.91e+22
       Mxz     2.97e+21
       Myy    -1.37e+22
       Myz    -8.17e+21
       Mzz     6.97e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     --------------                  
                 -------------------- P              
              -----------------------   --           
             ------------------------------          
           -#################----------------        
          #######################-------------       
         ##########################------------      
        -#############################----------     
        -##############################---------     
       ---##############   ##############--------    
       ---############## T ###############-------    
       ----#############   ################------    
       ------###############################-----    
        -------##############################---     
        ---------############################---     
         ----------##########################-#      
          -------------####################--#       
           -------------------#######--------        
             ------------------------------          
              ----------------------------           
                 ----------------------              
                     --------------                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
  6.97e+22   2.97e+21   8.17e+21 
  2.97e+21  -5.60e+22   2.91e+22 
  8.17e+21   2.91e+22  -1.37e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20230316145910/index.html
	

Magnitudes

mLg Magnitude


(a) mLg computed using the IASPEI formula; (b) mLg residuals ; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated.

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 
The results of this grid search are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   275    50    50   4.31 0.4447
WVFGRD96    2.0    95    50    55   4.42 0.5371
WVFGRD96    3.0   110    45    80   4.50 0.5847
WVFGRD96    4.0   110    45    80   4.51 0.5490
WVFGRD96    5.0   255    65    15   4.40 0.5021
WVFGRD96    6.0   250    70     0   4.41 0.4928
WVFGRD96    7.0    70    75   -20   4.42 0.4835
WVFGRD96    8.0    65    65   -25   4.46 0.4694
WVFGRD96    9.0    65    65   -20   4.47 0.4604
WVFGRD96   10.0    65    65   -20   4.48 0.4499
WVFGRD96   11.0    65    60   -20   4.49 0.4423
WVFGRD96   12.0    65    60   -20   4.50 0.4361
WVFGRD96   13.0    65    60   -20   4.51 0.4291
WVFGRD96   14.0    65    60   -15   4.52 0.4220
WVFGRD96   15.0    65    60   -15   4.53 0.4152
WVFGRD96   16.0    65    60   -15   4.54 0.4088
WVFGRD96   17.0    65    60   -15   4.55 0.4023
WVFGRD96   18.0    65    60   -15   4.56 0.3956
WVFGRD96   19.0    65    60   -15   4.56 0.3888
WVFGRD96   20.0    65    60   -15   4.57 0.3815
WVFGRD96   21.0    65    60   -15   4.58 0.3729
WVFGRD96   22.0    65    60   -15   4.59 0.3652
WVFGRD96   23.0    65    60   -15   4.59 0.3570
WVFGRD96   24.0    65    60   -15   4.60 0.3486
WVFGRD96   25.0    65    60   -15   4.61 0.3406
WVFGRD96   26.0    65    60   -15   4.61 0.3330
WVFGRD96   27.0    65    65   -15   4.61 0.3257
WVFGRD96   28.0    65    65   -15   4.62 0.3189
WVFGRD96   29.0    65    65   -20   4.62 0.3121

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    3.0   110    45    80   4.50 0.5847

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated. The time scale is based on the last trace plotted. It is not used to represent travel time or absolute time, but rather to indicate the umebr os seconds plotted. If there is not a trace directly above the scale, then a default, meaningless scale is plotted.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureau of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Oklahoma Geological Survey, TexNet, the Iris stations, the Transportable Array of EarthScope and other networks.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Thu Mar 16 11:19:40 CDT 2023