Location

Location ANSS

2018/11/30 20:26:55 61.392 -150.064 31.1 5.1 Alaska

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2018/11/30 20:26:55:0  61.39 -150.06  31.1 5.1 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.CAST AK.FID AK.HIN AK.KLU AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.SAW AK.SCM 
   AK.SKN AK.SWD AT.PMR AV.ILSW TA.M22K TA.M24K TA.O22K 
   TA.P19K 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 2.92e+23 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.91 
  Z  = 46 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      195    60   -75
   NP2      347    33   -114
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   2.92e+23     14     274
    N   0.00e+00     13       7
    P  -2.92e+23     71     139

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -1.63e+22
       Mxy    -4.38e+21
       Mxz     7.29e+22
       Myy     2.60e+23
       Myz    -1.26e+23
       Mzz    -2.44e+23
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ######-----###                  
                 #############-########              
              ##############------########           
             #############----------#######          
           ##############------------########        
          ##############---------------#######       
         ##############-----------------#######      
        ##############-------------------#######     
        #############--------------------#######     
       #   ##########---------------------#######    
       # T #########----------------------#######    
       #   #########---------   ----------#######    
       #############--------- P ----------#######    
        ###########----------   ----------######     
        ###########-----------------------######     
         ##########----------------------######      
          #########----------------------#####       
           #########--------------------#####        
             #######-------------------####          
              #######-----------------####           
                 ####---------------###              
                     #------------#                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -2.44e+23   7.29e+22   1.26e+23 
  7.29e+22  -1.63e+22   4.38e+21 
  1.26e+23   4.38e+21   2.60e+23 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20181130202655/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 195
      DIP = 60
     RAKE = -75
       MW = 4.91
       HS = 46.0

The NDK file is 20181130202655.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2018/11/30 20:26:55:0  61.39 -150.06  31.1 5.1 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.CAST AK.FID AK.HIN AK.KLU AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.SAW AK.SCM 
   AK.SKN AK.SWD AT.PMR AV.ILSW TA.M22K TA.M24K TA.O22K 
   TA.P19K 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 2.92e+23 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.91 
  Z  = 46 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      195    60   -75
   NP2      347    33   -114
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   2.92e+23     14     274
    N   0.00e+00     13       7
    P  -2.92e+23     71     139

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -1.63e+22
       Mxy    -4.38e+21
       Mxz     7.29e+22
       Myy     2.60e+23
       Myz    -1.26e+23
       Mzz    -2.44e+23
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ######-----###                  
                 #############-########              
              ##############------########           
             #############----------#######          
           ##############------------########        
          ##############---------------#######       
         ##############-----------------#######      
        ##############-------------------#######     
        #############--------------------#######     
       #   ##########---------------------#######    
       # T #########----------------------#######    
       #   #########---------   ----------#######    
       #############--------- P ----------#######    
        ###########----------   ----------######     
        ###########-----------------------######     
         ##########----------------------######      
          #########----------------------#####       
           #########--------------------#####        
             #######-------------------####          
              #######-----------------####           
                 ####---------------###              
                     #------------#                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -2.44e+23   7.29e+22   1.26e+23 
  7.29e+22  -1.63e+22   4.38e+21 
  1.26e+23   4.38e+21   2.60e+23 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20181130202655/index.html
	

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   195    50    90   4.02 0.1699
WVFGRD96    2.0    10    45    85   4.19 0.2467
WVFGRD96    3.0   360    45    75   4.24 0.2401
WVFGRD96    4.0   340    40    40   4.23 0.2493
WVFGRD96    5.0   330    40    25   4.25 0.2746
WVFGRD96    6.0   330    40    25   4.27 0.2975
WVFGRD96    7.0   250    60    45   4.30 0.3170
WVFGRD96    8.0   250    60    50   4.38 0.3428
WVFGRD96    9.0   250    60    45   4.40 0.3625
WVFGRD96   10.0   245    60    40   4.42 0.3759
WVFGRD96   11.0   245    60    40   4.44 0.3876
WVFGRD96   12.0   245    60    35   4.45 0.3971
WVFGRD96   13.0   245    60    35   4.47 0.4047
WVFGRD96   14.0   245    60    35   4.49 0.4099
WVFGRD96   15.0   245    60    30   4.50 0.4130
WVFGRD96   16.0   245    60    30   4.52 0.4153
WVFGRD96   17.0   245    60    30   4.53 0.4162
WVFGRD96   18.0   240    60    25   4.55 0.4188
WVFGRD96   19.0   240    60    25   4.56 0.4220
WVFGRD96   20.0   240    55    25   4.58 0.4262
WVFGRD96   21.0   240    55    25   4.59 0.4312
WVFGRD96   22.0   240    55    25   4.60 0.4363
WVFGRD96   23.0   230    70   -30   4.59 0.4365
WVFGRD96   24.0   230    70   -30   4.60 0.4416
WVFGRD96   25.0   230    65   -30   4.61 0.4478
WVFGRD96   26.0   230    65   -30   4.62 0.4542
WVFGRD96   27.0   225    65   -35   4.63 0.4628
WVFGRD96   28.0   225    60   -35   4.64 0.4703
WVFGRD96   29.0   225    60   -35   4.65 0.4823
WVFGRD96   30.0   220    60   -45   4.67 0.4966
WVFGRD96   31.0   220    65   -45   4.68 0.5122
WVFGRD96   32.0   220    60   -50   4.69 0.5295
WVFGRD96   33.0   220    60   -55   4.70 0.5476
WVFGRD96   34.0   215    60   -60   4.71 0.5636
WVFGRD96   35.0   215    60   -60   4.72 0.5752
WVFGRD96   36.0   215    60   -60   4.73 0.5829
WVFGRD96   37.0   215    60   -60   4.73 0.5865
WVFGRD96   38.0   205    60   -65   4.75 0.5914
WVFGRD96   39.0   200    60   -65   4.77 0.5977
WVFGRD96   40.0   205    65   -70   4.86 0.5953
WVFGRD96   41.0   205    65   -70   4.87 0.6035
WVFGRD96   42.0   200    60   -70   4.88 0.6115
WVFGRD96   43.0   200    60   -70   4.89 0.6170
WVFGRD96   44.0   200    60   -70   4.89 0.6203
WVFGRD96   45.0   200    60   -70   4.90 0.6192
WVFGRD96   46.0   195    60   -75   4.91 0.6207
WVFGRD96   47.0   195    60   -75   4.91 0.6190
WVFGRD96   48.0   195    60   -75   4.92 0.6178
WVFGRD96   49.0   195    60   -75   4.92 0.6146
WVFGRD96   50.0   195    60   -75   4.93 0.6102
WVFGRD96   51.0   200    65   -75   4.93 0.6059
WVFGRD96   52.0   200    65   -75   4.93 0.6009
WVFGRD96   53.0   200    65   -75   4.93 0.5955
WVFGRD96   54.0   200    65   -75   4.93 0.5900
WVFGRD96   55.0   200    65   -75   4.93 0.5843
WVFGRD96   56.0   200    65   -75   4.94 0.5779
WVFGRD96   57.0   200    65   -75   4.94 0.5727
WVFGRD96   58.0   200    65   -75   4.94 0.5644
WVFGRD96   59.0   200    65   -75   4.94 0.5579

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   46.0   195    60   -75   4.91 0.6207

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Fri Nov 30 15:04:47 CST 2018