Location

Location ANSS

2017/08/01 09:35:26 61.669 -149.676 31.7 3.9 Alaska

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2017/08/01 09:35:26:0  61.67 -149.68  31.7 3.9 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.BPAW AK.CAST AK.CRQ AK.CUT AK.DHY AK.FIRE AK.GHO AK.GLI 
   AK.ISLE AK.KLU AK.MCAR AK.MLY AK.NEA2 AK.RC01 AK.RND AK.SAW 
   AK.SCM AK.SSN AK.TGL AK.TRF AT.PMR TA.M20K TA.M22K TA.M24K 
   TA.P19K 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +40
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 1.30e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.01 
  Z  = 50 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      208    68   -125
   NP2       90    40   -35
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   1.30e+22     16     323
    N   0.00e+00     32     222
    P  -1.30e+22     53      76

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     7.36e+21
       Mxy    -6.86e+21
       Mxz     1.30e+21
       Myy    -6.00e+14
       Myz    -8.18e+21
       Mzz    -7.36e+21
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ##############                  
                 ###################---              
              ##   ###############--------           
             ### T ############------------          
           #####   ###########---------------        
          ##################------------------       
         ##################--------------------      
        #################-----------------------     
        ################------------   ---------     
       ################------------- P ----------    
       ###############--------------   ----------    
       -#############---------------------------#    
       --############--------------------------##    
        --##########--------------------------##     
        ----#######-------------------------####     
         -----#####-----------------------#####      
          ----------------------------########       
           -------######--------#############        
             -----#########################          
              ----########################           
                 -#####################              
                     ##############                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -7.36e+21   1.30e+21   8.18e+21 
  1.30e+21   7.36e+21   6.86e+21 
  8.18e+21   6.86e+21  -6.00e+14 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20170801093526/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 90
      DIP = 40
     RAKE = -35
       MW = 4.01
       HS = 50.0

The NDK file is 20170801093526.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2017/08/01 09:35:26:0  61.67 -149.68  31.7 3.9 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.BPAW AK.CAST AK.CRQ AK.CUT AK.DHY AK.FIRE AK.GHO AK.GLI 
   AK.ISLE AK.KLU AK.MCAR AK.MLY AK.NEA2 AK.RC01 AK.RND AK.SAW 
   AK.SCM AK.SSN AK.TGL AK.TRF AT.PMR TA.M20K TA.M22K TA.M24K 
   TA.P19K 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +40
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 1.30e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.01 
  Z  = 50 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      208    68   -125
   NP2       90    40   -35
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   1.30e+22     16     323
    N   0.00e+00     32     222
    P  -1.30e+22     53      76

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     7.36e+21
       Mxy    -6.86e+21
       Mxz     1.30e+21
       Myy    -6.00e+14
       Myz    -8.18e+21
       Mzz    -7.36e+21
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ##############                  
                 ###################---              
              ##   ###############--------           
             ### T ############------------          
           #####   ###########---------------        
          ##################------------------       
         ##################--------------------      
        #################-----------------------     
        ################------------   ---------     
       ################------------- P ----------    
       ###############--------------   ----------    
       -#############---------------------------#    
       --############--------------------------##    
        --##########--------------------------##     
        ----#######-------------------------####     
         -----#####-----------------------#####      
          ----------------------------########       
           -------######--------#############        
             -----#########################          
              ----########################           
                 -#####################              
                     ##############                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -7.36e+21   1.30e+21   8.18e+21 
  1.30e+21   7.36e+21   6.86e+21 
  8.18e+21   6.86e+21  -6.00e+14 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20170801093526/index.html
	

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +40
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    2.0   315    90    15   3.26 0.2639
WVFGRD96    4.0   135    90   -35   3.39 0.3032
WVFGRD96    6.0   135    90   -30   3.45 0.3321
WVFGRD96    8.0   130    90   -30   3.52 0.3434
WVFGRD96   10.0   115    55    35   3.52 0.3589
WVFGRD96   12.0   110    55    25   3.54 0.3701
WVFGRD96   14.0   105    65   -15   3.58 0.3801
WVFGRD96   16.0   105    65   -15   3.60 0.3889
WVFGRD96   18.0   105    65   -15   3.63 0.3976
WVFGRD96   20.0   100    65   -20   3.65 0.4085
WVFGRD96   22.0   100    60   -20   3.68 0.4236
WVFGRD96   24.0   100    60   -15   3.69 0.4400
WVFGRD96   26.0    95    60   -25   3.72 0.4559
WVFGRD96   28.0    95    60   -25   3.74 0.4793
WVFGRD96   30.0    95    55   -25   3.77 0.4996
WVFGRD96   32.0    95    55   -25   3.78 0.5158
WVFGRD96   34.0    95    55   -30   3.80 0.5313
WVFGRD96   36.0    95    50   -30   3.82 0.5444
WVFGRD96   38.0    95    50   -30   3.84 0.5578
WVFGRD96   40.0    95    45   -30   3.94 0.5688
WVFGRD96   42.0    95    45   -30   3.96 0.5826
WVFGRD96   44.0    95    45   -30   3.97 0.5887
WVFGRD96   46.0    95    45   -30   3.99 0.5947
WVFGRD96   48.0    90    40   -35   4.00 0.5952
WVFGRD96   50.0    90    40   -35   4.01 0.5973
WVFGRD96   52.0    90    40   -35   4.02 0.5954
WVFGRD96   54.0    90    40   -35   4.02 0.5911
WVFGRD96   56.0    90    40   -35   4.03 0.5890
WVFGRD96   58.0    90    40   -35   4.04 0.5858
WVFGRD96   60.0    90    40   -35   4.04 0.5798
WVFGRD96   62.0    95    40   -30   4.05 0.5745
WVFGRD96   64.0    95    40   -30   4.05 0.5691
WVFGRD96   66.0    95    40   -30   4.05 0.5641
WVFGRD96   68.0    95    40   -30   4.06 0.5582
WVFGRD96   70.0   100    40   -25   4.06 0.5528
WVFGRD96   72.0   100    40   -25   4.06 0.5472
WVFGRD96   74.0   100    40   -25   4.07 0.5409
WVFGRD96   76.0   100    40   -25   4.07 0.5355
WVFGRD96   78.0    95    40   -30   4.07 0.5274
WVFGRD96   80.0    95    40   -30   4.07 0.5198
WVFGRD96   82.0    95    40   -30   4.07 0.5089
WVFGRD96   84.0   105    60    -5   4.08 0.4985
WVFGRD96   86.0   105    60    -5   4.08 0.4959
WVFGRD96   88.0   100    55   -10   4.08 0.4941
WVFGRD96   90.0   100    55   -10   4.09 0.4899
WVFGRD96   92.0   100    55   -10   4.09 0.4783
WVFGRD96   94.0   100    50   -10   4.08 0.4633
WVFGRD96   96.0   100    40   -20   4.08 0.4500
WVFGRD96   98.0   100    40   -20   4.08 0.4373

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   50.0    90    40   -35   4.01 0.5973

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +40
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Tue Aug 1 14:00:03 CDT 2017