Location

Location ANSS

2016/12/28 08:18:00 38.375 -118.904 8.2 5.7 Nevada

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2016/12/28 08:18:00:0  38.38 -118.90   8.2 5.7 Nevada
 
 Stations used:
   BK.SAO CI.GSC CI.ISA LB.BMN LB.TPH NC.AFD NC.BBGB NC.MDPB 
   NN.BEK NN.CMK6 NN.DSP NN.EMB NN.GWY NN.KVN NN.LCH NN.MPK 
   NN.MZPB NN.OMMB NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.Q09A NN.REDF NN.S11A 
   NN.VCN NN.WLDB NN.WTNK NN.YER SN.HEL TA.R11A US.ELK US.TPNV 
   UU.PSUT 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.05 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 3.16e+24 dyne-cm
  Mw = 5.60 
  Z  = 11 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      215    85   -15
   NP2      306    75   -175
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   3.16e+24      7     262
    N   0.00e+00     74      17
    P  -3.16e+24     14     170

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -2.81e+24
       Mxy     9.74e+23
       Mxz     6.80e+23
       Myy     2.95e+24
       Myz    -5.08e+23
       Mzz    -1.42e+23
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     --------------                  
                 ----------------------              
              -------------------------###           
             ------------------------######          
           ##----------------------##########        
          ########----------------############       
         #############-----------##############      
        #################------#################     
        ####################--##################     
       #####################---##################    
       ####################------################    
          ################---------##############    
        T ###############------------############    
          #############----------------#########     
        ##############-------------------#######     
         ############---------------------#####      
          ##########------------------------##       
           ########--------------------------        
             #####-------------------------          
              ###-------------   ---------           
                 ------------- P ------              
                     ---------   --                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -1.42e+23   6.80e+23   5.08e+23 
  6.80e+23  -2.81e+24  -9.74e+23 
  5.08e+23  -9.74e+23   2.95e+24 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20161228081800/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 215
      DIP = 85
     RAKE = -15
       MW = 5.60
       HS = 11.0

The NDK file is 20161228081800.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
USGSMT
GCMT
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2016/12/28 08:18:00:0  38.38 -118.90   8.2 5.7 Nevada
 
 Stations used:
   BK.SAO CI.GSC CI.ISA LB.BMN LB.TPH NC.AFD NC.BBGB NC.MDPB 
   NN.BEK NN.CMK6 NN.DSP NN.EMB NN.GWY NN.KVN NN.LCH NN.MPK 
   NN.MZPB NN.OMMB NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.Q09A NN.REDF NN.S11A 
   NN.VCN NN.WLDB NN.WTNK NN.YER SN.HEL TA.R11A US.ELK US.TPNV 
   UU.PSUT 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.05 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 3.16e+24 dyne-cm
  Mw = 5.60 
  Z  = 11 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      215    85   -15
   NP2      306    75   -175
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   3.16e+24      7     262
    N   0.00e+00     74      17
    P  -3.16e+24     14     170

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -2.81e+24
       Mxy     9.74e+23
       Mxz     6.80e+23
       Myy     2.95e+24
       Myz    -5.08e+23
       Mzz    -1.42e+23
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     --------------                  
                 ----------------------              
              -------------------------###           
             ------------------------######          
           ##----------------------##########        
          ########----------------############       
         #############-----------##############      
        #################------#################     
        ####################--##################     
       #####################---##################    
       ####################------################    
          ################---------##############    
        T ###############------------############    
          #############----------------#########     
        ##############-------------------#######     
         ############---------------------#####      
          ##########------------------------##       
           ########--------------------------        
             #####-------------------------          
              ###-------------   ---------           
                 ------------- P ------              
                     ---------   --                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -1.42e+23   6.80e+23   5.08e+23 
  6.80e+23  -2.81e+24  -9.74e+23 
  5.08e+23  -9.74e+23   2.95e+24 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20161228081800/index.html
	

dy-wave Moment Tensor (Mwb)
Moment	2.735e+17 N-m
Magnitude	5.6 Mwb
Depth	12.0 km
Percent DC	82 %
Half Duration	–
Catalog	US
Data Source	US3
Contributor	US3
Nodal Planes
Plane	Strike	Dip	Rake
NP1	220	84	-3
NP2	310	87	-174
Principal Axes
Axis	Value	Plunge	Azimuth
T	2.852e+17 N-m	2	85
N	-0.250e+17 N-m	83	334
P	-2.601e+17 N-m	6	175

        
December 28, 2016, CALIFORNIA-NEVADA BORDER REGION, MW=5.7

Goran Ekstrom

CENTROID-MOMENT-TENSOR  SOLUTION
GCMT EVENT:     C201612280818A
DATA: II IU G  CU LD GE IC DK MN
 KP
L.P.BODY WAVES:116S, 192C, T= 40
MANTLE WAVES:   48S,  52C, T=125
SURFACE WAVES: 149S, 301C, T= 50
TIMESTAMP:      Q-20161228115144
CENTROID LOCATION:
ORIGIN TIME:      08:18:06.1 0.1
LAT:38.40N 0.01;LON:118.89W 0.01
DEP: 21.6  0.6;TRIANG HDUR:  1.7
MOMENT TENSOR: SCALE 10**24 D-CM
RR=-1.280 0.056; TT=-3.640 0.058
PP= 4.920 0.060; RT=-0.001 0.106
RP= 0.704 0.102; TP=-1.610 0.049
PRINCIPAL AXES:
1.(T) VAL=  5.286;PLG= 6;AZM=260
2.(N)      -1.347;    83;     55
3.(P)      -3.939;     3;    169
BEST DBLE.COUPLE:M0= 4.61*10**24
NP1: STRIKE=305;DIP=84;SLIP= 178
NP2: STRIKE= 35;DIP=88;SLIP=   6

            -----------
        -------------------
      --------------------###
    ---------------------######
   ###------------------########
  ########------------###########
  ###########--------############
 ###############----##############
 #################-###############
    #############----#############
  T ############-------###########
    ###########-----------#######
  ############--------------#####
   #########------------------##
    #######--------------------
      ###--------------------
        -----------   -----
            ------- P -
        

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3 
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   215    80   -15   5.31 0.4187
WVFGRD96    2.0   210    70   -25   5.44 0.5371
WVFGRD96    3.0   210    70   -25   5.47 0.5786
WVFGRD96    4.0   215    80   -15   5.47 0.6094
WVFGRD96    5.0   215    85   -15   5.49 0.6370
WVFGRD96    6.0   215    85   -15   5.51 0.6605
WVFGRD96    7.0   215    85   -15   5.54 0.6801
WVFGRD96    8.0   215    85   -20   5.56 0.6977
WVFGRD96    9.0   215    85   -15   5.58 0.7059
WVFGRD96   10.0   215    85   -15   5.59 0.7110
WVFGRD96   11.0   215    85   -15   5.60 0.7131
WVFGRD96   12.0   215    85   -15   5.61 0.7126
WVFGRD96   13.0   215    85   -15   5.62 0.7099
WVFGRD96   14.0   215    85   -15   5.63 0.7054
WVFGRD96   15.0   215    85   -15   5.63 0.6995
WVFGRD96   16.0   215    85   -15   5.64 0.6929
WVFGRD96   17.0   215    85   -15   5.65 0.6854
WVFGRD96   18.0   215    85   -10   5.66 0.6781
WVFGRD96   19.0   215    85   -10   5.66 0.6707
WVFGRD96   20.0   215    85   -10   5.67 0.6626
WVFGRD96   21.0   215    85   -10   5.68 0.6538
WVFGRD96   22.0   215    85   -10   5.68 0.6453
WVFGRD96   23.0   215    85   -10   5.69 0.6365
WVFGRD96   24.0   215    80   -10   5.69 0.6274
WVFGRD96   25.0   215    80   -10   5.70 0.6183
WVFGRD96   26.0   215    80   -10   5.71 0.6089
WVFGRD96   27.0   215    80   -10   5.71 0.5992
WVFGRD96   28.0   215    80   -10   5.72 0.5892
WVFGRD96   29.0   215    80   -10   5.72 0.5790

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   11.0   215    85   -15   5.60 0.7131

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Wed Dec 28 15:51:23 CST 2016