Location

2016/01/01 11:39:39 35.687 -97.429 5.0 4.3 Oklahoma

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Arrival time list

Felt Map

USGS Felt map for this earthquake

USGS Felt reports main page

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2016/01/01 11:39:39:0  35.69  -97.43   5.0 4.3 Oklahoma
 
 Stations used:
   AG.FCAR AG.HHAR AG.WHAR GS.KAN01 GS.KAN05 GS.KAN06 GS.KAN08 
   GS.KAN10 GS.KAN11 GS.KAN12 GS.KAN13 GS.KAN14 GS.KAN16 
   GS.KAN17 GS.OK030 GS.OK031 GS.OK035 N4.237B N4.R32B N4.R40B 
   N4.S39B N4.T35B N4.U38B N4.Z35B N4.Z38B NM.MGMO OK.BCOK 
   OK.CCOK OK.CHOK OK.CROK OK.FNO OK.OKCFA OK.QUOK OK.X34A 
   OK.X37A TA.435B TA.MSTX TA.TUL1 TA.U40A TA.W39A TA.W41B 
   TA.WHTX TA.X40A TA.Z41A US.AMTX US.CBKS US.KSU1 US.MIAR 
   US.NATX US.WMOK 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.07 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 2.99e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.25 
  Z  = 4 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1       30    85   175
   NP2      120    85     5
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   2.99e+22      7     345
    N   0.00e+00     83     165
    P  -2.99e+22      0      75

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     2.53e+22
       Mxy    -1.50e+22
       Mxz     3.52e+21
       Myy    -2.58e+22
       Myz    -9.64e+20
       Mzz     4.52e+20
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                      T ###########                  
                 ####   ##############-              
              #######################-----           
             ########################------          
           #########################---------        
          #########################-----------       
         ----#####################------------       
        -------##################------------- P     
        ----------##############--------------       
       --------------##########------------------    
       -----------------######-------------------    
       --------------------##--------------------    
       ---------------------##-------------------    
        -------------------#######--------------     
        ------------------###########-----------     
         ----------------################------      
          -------------######################-       
           -----------#######################        
             --------######################          
              ------######################           
                 -#####################              
                     ##############                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
  4.52e+20   3.52e+21   9.64e+20 
  3.52e+21   2.53e+22   1.50e+22 
  9.64e+20   1.50e+22  -2.58e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20160101113939/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 120
      DIP = 85
     RAKE = 5
       MW = 4.25
       HS = 4.0

The NDK file is 20160101113939.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
USGSMT
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2016/01/01 11:39:39:0  35.69  -97.43   5.0 4.3 Oklahoma
 
 Stations used:
   AG.FCAR AG.HHAR AG.WHAR GS.KAN01 GS.KAN05 GS.KAN06 GS.KAN08 
   GS.KAN10 GS.KAN11 GS.KAN12 GS.KAN13 GS.KAN14 GS.KAN16 
   GS.KAN17 GS.OK030 GS.OK031 GS.OK035 N4.237B N4.R32B N4.R40B 
   N4.S39B N4.T35B N4.U38B N4.Z35B N4.Z38B NM.MGMO OK.BCOK 
   OK.CCOK OK.CHOK OK.CROK OK.FNO OK.OKCFA OK.QUOK OK.X34A 
   OK.X37A TA.435B TA.MSTX TA.TUL1 TA.U40A TA.W39A TA.W41B 
   TA.WHTX TA.X40A TA.Z41A US.AMTX US.CBKS US.KSU1 US.MIAR 
   US.NATX US.WMOK 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.07 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 2.99e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.25 
  Z  = 4 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1       30    85   175
   NP2      120    85     5
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   2.99e+22      7     345
    N   0.00e+00     83     165
    P  -2.99e+22      0      75

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     2.53e+22
       Mxy    -1.50e+22
       Mxz     3.52e+21
       Myy    -2.58e+22
       Myz    -9.64e+20
       Mzz     4.52e+20
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                      T ###########                  
                 ####   ##############-              
              #######################-----           
             ########################------          
           #########################---------        
          #########################-----------       
         ----#####################------------       
        -------##################------------- P     
        ----------##############--------------       
       --------------##########------------------    
       -----------------######-------------------    
       --------------------##--------------------    
       ---------------------##-------------------    
        -------------------#######--------------     
        ------------------###########-----------     
         ----------------################------      
          -------------######################-       
           -----------#######################        
             --------######################          
              ------######################           
                 -#####################              
                     ##############                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
  4.52e+20   3.52e+21   9.64e+20 
  3.52e+21   2.53e+22   1.50e+22 
  9.64e+20   1.50e+22  -2.58e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20160101113939/index.html
	
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)
Moment	2.707e+15 N-m
Magnitude	4.22
Depth	4.0 km
Percent DC	99%
Half Duration	–
Catalog	US (us10004aqg)
Data Source	US1
Contributor	US1
Nodal Planes
Plane	Strike	Dip	Rake
NP1	307	75	13
NP2	213	77	165
Principal Axes
Axis	Value	Plunge	Azimuth
T	2.711	20	170
N	-0.008	70	354
P	-2.703	1	260

        

Magnitudes

mLg Magnitude


(a) mLg computed using the IASPEI formula; (b) mLg residuals ; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated.

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   305    90    -5   4.03 0.4045
WVFGRD96    2.0   125    80    10   4.15 0.5054
WVFGRD96    3.0   125    80    10   4.21 0.5520
WVFGRD96    4.0   120    85     5   4.25 0.5683
WVFGRD96    5.0   120    85     5   4.28 0.5662
WVFGRD96    6.0   300    90   -10   4.31 0.5548
WVFGRD96    7.0   125    80    10   4.33 0.5475
WVFGRD96    8.0   125    80    15   4.36 0.5396
WVFGRD96    9.0   125    80    15   4.37 0.5192
WVFGRD96   10.0   125    80    15   4.38 0.4993
WVFGRD96   11.0   125    80    15   4.39 0.4819
WVFGRD96   12.0   125    80    15   4.39 0.4642
WVFGRD96   13.0   305    80    20   4.40 0.4476
WVFGRD96   14.0   305    80    20   4.40 0.4355
WVFGRD96   15.0   120    90   -20   4.41 0.4187
WVFGRD96   16.0   120    90   -20   4.42 0.4080
WVFGRD96   17.0   120    90   -20   4.42 0.3979
WVFGRD96   18.0   305    80    20   4.43 0.3942
WVFGRD96   19.0   305    80    20   4.43 0.3856
WVFGRD96   20.0   305    80    20   4.44 0.3781
WVFGRD96   21.0   125    90   -20   4.44 0.3673
WVFGRD96   22.0   305    80    20   4.45 0.3649
WVFGRD96   23.0   125    90   -20   4.45 0.3568
WVFGRD96   24.0   125    90   -20   4.46 0.3526
WVFGRD96   25.0   125    90   -20   4.46 0.3494
WVFGRD96   26.0   215    80    15   4.47 0.3524
WVFGRD96   27.0   215    80    15   4.48 0.3574
WVFGRD96   28.0   215    80    15   4.49 0.3610
WVFGRD96   29.0   215    80    15   4.50 0.3654

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    4.0   120    85     5   4.25 0.5683

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Fri Jan 1 06:55:44 CST 2016