Location

2015/06/28 08:10:10 19.335 -155.209 8.6 5.2 Hawaii

ML Magnitude

(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Arrival time list

Felt Map

USGS Felt map for this earthquake

USGS Felt reports main page

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2015/06/28 08:10:10:0 19.33 -155.21 8.6 5.2 Hawaii Stations used: HV.BYL HV.HAT HV.MOKD HV.NPOC HV.NPT HV.OBL HV.SBL HV.SDH HV.UWB HV.WRM IU.POHA PT.HILB PT.HPAH PT.KHLU PT.KHU PT.MLOA Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.08 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.13e+23 dyne-cm Mw = 4.93 Z = 8 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 281 64 -146 NP2 175 60 -30 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.13e+23 3 47 N 0.00e+00 49 314 P -3.13e+23 41 140 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 4.17e+22 Mxy 2.43e+23 Mxz 1.28e+23 Myy 9.36e+22 Myz -8.97e+22 Mzz -1.35e+23 ----########## -------############### ---------################## ---------################### T ----------#################### # -----------######################### ------------########################## ------######---------################### -###########----------------############ #############--------------------######### #############-----------------------###### #############--------------------------### ##############--------------------------## #############--------------------------- #############------------- ----------- #############------------ P ---------- #############----------- --------- ############---------------------- ###########------------------- ###########----------------- ##########------------ #######------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -1.35e+23 1.28e+23 8.97e+22 1.28e+23 4.17e+22 -2.43e+23 8.97e+22 -2.43e+23 9.36e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150628081010/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 175
      DIP = 60
     RAKE = -30
       MW = 4.93
       HS = 8.0

The NDK file is 20150628081010.ndk The low frequency behaviour of the sensors was a problem. Uning 0.02 - 0.10 Hz I got better fits to more stations. The solution was more strike slip. the directiosn of theP and T axes are stable though.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others

SLU

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2015/06/28 08:10:10:0 19.33 -155.21 8.6 5.2 Hawaii Stations used: HV.BYL HV.HAT HV.MOKD HV.NPOC HV.NPT HV.OBL HV.SBL HV.SDH HV.UWB HV.WRM IU.POHA PT.HILB PT.HPAH PT.KHLU PT.KHU PT.MLOA Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.08 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.13e+23 dyne-cm Mw = 4.93 Z = 8 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 281 64 -146 NP2 175 60 -30 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.13e+23 3 47 N 0.00e+00 49 314 P -3.13e+23 41 140 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 4.17e+22 Mxy 2.43e+23 Mxz 1.28e+23 Myy 9.36e+22 Myz -8.97e+22 Mzz -1.35e+23 ----########## -------############### ---------################## ---------################### T ----------#################### # -----------######################### ------------########################## ------######---------################### -###########----------------############ #############--------------------######### #############-----------------------###### #############--------------------------### ##############--------------------------## #############--------------------------- #############------------- ----------- #############------------ P ---------- #############----------- --------- ############---------------------- ###########------------------- ###########----------------- ##########------------ #######------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -1.35e+23 1.28e+23 8.97e+22 1.28e+23 4.17e+22 -2.43e+23 8.97e+22 -2.43e+23 9.36e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150628081010/index.html

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.08 n 3 

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   180    65     0   4.69 0.5542
WVFGRD96    2.0    55    60    85   4.81 0.6418
WVFGRD96    3.0   185    90   -25   4.80 0.6589
WVFGRD96    4.0   190    80   -55   4.86 0.7217
WVFGRD96    5.0   185    75   -50   4.85 0.7598
WVFGRD96    6.0   175    60   -35   4.85 0.7793
WVFGRD96    7.0   185    65   -35   4.86 0.7878
WVFGRD96    8.0   175    60   -30   4.93 0.7895
WVFGRD96    9.0   180    60     0   4.98 0.7871
WVFGRD96   10.0   180    60    -5   4.99 0.7784
WVFGRD96   11.0   180    65   -10   5.00 0.7641
WVFGRD96   12.0   180    65   -15   5.01 0.7463
WVFGRD96   13.0   180    65   -15   5.03 0.7253
WVFGRD96   14.0   180    65   -20   5.03 0.7028
WVFGRD96   15.0   180    60   -20   5.04 0.6807
WVFGRD96   16.0   180    60   -25   5.05 0.6590
WVFGRD96   17.0   175    55   -30   5.05 0.6383
WVFGRD96   18.0   175    55   -35   5.06 0.6175
WVFGRD96   19.0   180    55   -40   5.06 0.5976
WVFGRD96   20.0   170    50   -40   5.07 0.5786
WVFGRD96   21.0   170    50   -45   5.09 0.5602
WVFGRD96   22.0   165    50   -50   5.10 0.5423
WVFGRD96   23.0   160    45   -55   5.11 0.5256
WVFGRD96   24.0   160    45   -55   5.12 0.5097
WVFGRD96   25.0   155    45   -65   5.13 0.4941
WVFGRD96   26.0   155    45   -65   5.14 0.4799
WVFGRD96   27.0   150    45   -70   5.15 0.4657
WVFGRD96   28.0   130    45  -100   5.20 0.4542
WVFGRD96   29.0   325    45   -80   5.21 0.4457

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    8.0   175    60   -30   4.93 0.7895

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.08 n 3 

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files: