Location

2015/05/22 18:47:42 37.284 -114.654 3.6 5.4 Nevada

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Arrival time list

Felt Map

USGS Felt map for this earthquake

USGS Felt reports main page

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2015/05/22 18:47:42:0  37.28 -114.65   3.6 5.4 Nevada
 
 Stations used:
   AE.113A AE.U15A AE.W13A AE.X16A AE.Y14A BC.RMX BC.TKX 
   CI.BAR CI.GLA CI.ISA CI.LDF CI.MWC CI.OSI CI.PASC II.PFO 
   IM.NV31 LB.TPH NC.AFD NC.PMPB NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.LHV NN.PAH 
   NN.PNT NN.REDF NN.RUB NN.RYN NN.SHP NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER 
   TA.109C TA.R11A TA.W18A US.DUG US.ELK US.HWUT US.MVCO 
   US.TPNV US.WUAZ UU.BGU UU.BRPU UU.CCUT UU.CTU UU.HVU UU.JLU 
   UU.KNB UU.LCMT UU.MPU UU.MTPU UU.NLU UU.PKCU UU.PSUT UU.SPU 
   UU.SRU UU.TCRU UU.TMU UU.VRUT 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.06 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 2.37e+23 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.85 
  Z  = 12 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1       80    85   -15
   NP2      171    75   -175
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   2.37e+23      7     127
    N   0.00e+00     74     242
    P  -2.37e+23     14      35

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -6.77e+22
       Mxy    -2.16e+23
       Mxz    -6.30e+22
       Myy     7.84e+22
       Myz    -9.16e+21
       Mzz    -1.07e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ####----------                  
                 #######---------------              
              ##########--------------   -           
             ###########-------------- P --          
           ############---------------   ----        
          #############-----------------------       
         ##############------------------------      
        ###############-------------------------     
        ################------------------------     
       #################----------------------###    
       #################---------------##########    
       #################------###################    
       ###########-------########################    
        -----------------#######################     
        -----------------#######################     
         -----------------#####################      
          ----------------################   #       
           ----------------############### T         
             ---------------##############           
              --------------##############           
                 ------------##########              
                     ---------#####                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -1.07e+22  -6.30e+22   9.16e+21 
 -6.30e+22  -6.77e+22   2.16e+23 
  9.16e+21   2.16e+23   7.84e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150522184742/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 80
      DIP = 85
     RAKE = -15
       MW = 4.85
       HS = 12.0

The NDK file is 20150522184742.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
USGSMT
USGSW
UNR
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2015/05/22 18:47:42:0  37.28 -114.65   3.6 5.4 Nevada
 
 Stations used:
   AE.113A AE.U15A AE.W13A AE.X16A AE.Y14A BC.RMX BC.TKX 
   CI.BAR CI.GLA CI.ISA CI.LDF CI.MWC CI.OSI CI.PASC II.PFO 
   IM.NV31 LB.TPH NC.AFD NC.PMPB NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.LHV NN.PAH 
   NN.PNT NN.REDF NN.RUB NN.RYN NN.SHP NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER 
   TA.109C TA.R11A TA.W18A US.DUG US.ELK US.HWUT US.MVCO 
   US.TPNV US.WUAZ UU.BGU UU.BRPU UU.CCUT UU.CTU UU.HVU UU.JLU 
   UU.KNB UU.LCMT UU.MPU UU.MTPU UU.NLU UU.PKCU UU.PSUT UU.SPU 
   UU.SRU UU.TCRU UU.TMU UU.VRUT 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.06 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 2.37e+23 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.85 
  Z  = 12 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1       80    85   -15
   NP2      171    75   -175
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   2.37e+23      7     127
    N   0.00e+00     74     242
    P  -2.37e+23     14      35

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx    -6.77e+22
       Mxy    -2.16e+23
       Mxz    -6.30e+22
       Myy     7.84e+22
       Myz    -9.16e+21
       Mzz    -1.07e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ####----------                  
                 #######---------------              
              ##########--------------   -           
             ###########-------------- P --          
           ############---------------   ----        
          #############-----------------------       
         ##############------------------------      
        ###############-------------------------     
        ################------------------------     
       #################----------------------###    
       #################---------------##########    
       #################------###################    
       ###########-------########################    
        -----------------#######################     
        -----------------#######################     
         -----------------#####################      
          ----------------################   #       
           ----------------############### T         
             ---------------##############           
              --------------##############           
                 ------------##########              
                     ---------#####                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -1.07e+22  -6.30e+22   9.16e+21 
 -6.30e+22  -6.77e+22   2.16e+23 
  9.16e+21   2.16e+23   7.84e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150522184742/index.html
	
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)
Moment	2.342e+16 N-m
Magnitude	4.85
Depth	12.0 km
Percent DC	74%
Half Duration	–
Catalog	US (us10002blf)
Data Source	US2
Contributor	US2
Nodal Planes
Plane	Strike	Dip	Rake
NP1	82	86	-14
NP2	173	77	-175
Principal Axes
Axis	Value	Plunge	Azimuth
T	2.162	6	128
N	0.326	76	244
P	-2.488	13	37

        
W-phase Moment Tensor (Mww)
Moment	3.006e+16 N-m
Magnitude	4.92
Depth	11.5 km
Percent DC	56%
Half Duration	–
Catalog	US (us10002blf)
Data Source	US2
Contributor	US2
Nodal Planes
Plane	Strike	Dip	Rake
NP1	262	82	20
NP2	169	70	171
Principal Axes
Axis	Value	Plunge	Azimuth
T	3.304	20	128
N	-0.728	68	283
P	-2.575	8	35

        
Mw
Moment	2.200e+16 N-m
Magnitude	4.83
Depth	10.0 km
Percent DC	99%
Half Duration	–
Catalog	NN (nn00495477)
Data Source	NN1
Contributor	NN1
Nodal Planes
Plane	Strike	Dip	Rake
NP1	82	83	-9
NP2	173	81	-173
Principal Axes
Axis	Value	Plunge	Azimuth
T	2.213	2	128
N	-0.016	78	226
P	-2.186	11	37

        

Magnitudes

mLg Magnitude


(a) mLg computed using the IASPEI formula; (b) mLg residuals ; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated.

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3 
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   265    90     0   4.47 0.4425
WVFGRD96    2.0    85    90    -5   4.57 0.5693
WVFGRD96    3.0    85    90    -5   4.62 0.6344
WVFGRD96    4.0    80    80   -15   4.67 0.6838
WVFGRD96    5.0    80    80   -15   4.71 0.7247
WVFGRD96    6.0    80    80   -15   4.73 0.7586
WVFGRD96    7.0    80    85   -15   4.76 0.7889
WVFGRD96    8.0    80    80   -20   4.80 0.8178
WVFGRD96    9.0    80    85   -20   4.81 0.8344
WVFGRD96   10.0    80    85   -15   4.83 0.8454
WVFGRD96   11.0    80    85   -15   4.84 0.8525
WVFGRD96   12.0    80    85   -15   4.85 0.8548
WVFGRD96   13.0    80    85   -15   4.86 0.8524
WVFGRD96   14.0    80    85   -10   4.87 0.8469
WVFGRD96   15.0    80    85   -10   4.88 0.8389
WVFGRD96   16.0    80    85   -10   4.89 0.8287
WVFGRD96   17.0   260    90    10   4.89 0.8131
WVFGRD96   18.0   260    90    10   4.90 0.8002
WVFGRD96   19.0    80    85   -10   4.90 0.7894
WVFGRD96   20.0    80    85    -5   4.91 0.7756
WVFGRD96   21.0   265    90    10   4.91 0.7574
WVFGRD96   22.0   265    90    10   4.92 0.7427
WVFGRD96   23.0   265    90     5   4.92 0.7286
WVFGRD96   24.0   265    90     5   4.93 0.7143
WVFGRD96   25.0    85    85    -5   4.93 0.7037
WVFGRD96   26.0    85    85    -5   4.94 0.6897
WVFGRD96   27.0    85    85    -5   4.94 0.6760
WVFGRD96   28.0   265    90     5   4.95 0.6591
WVFGRD96   29.0    85    85    -5   4.95 0.6488

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   12.0    80    85   -15   4.85 0.8548

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Mon Dec 7 00:03:30 CST 2015