Location
2014/01/14 06:10:22 38.573 -118.436 7.0 3.7 Nevada
Arrival Times (from USGS)
Arrival time list
Felt Map
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS Felt reports main page
Focal Mechanism
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/01/14 06:10:22:0 38.57 -118.44 7.0 3.7 Nevada
Stations used:
AE.W13A AZ.RDM BK.CMB CI.ADO CI.ARV CI.CWC CI.DEC CI.DGR
CI.EDW2 CI.FUR CI.GRA CI.GSC CI.HEC CI.LRL CI.MLAC CI.MPM
CI.MUR CI.NEE2 CI.PASC CI.RPV CI.SHO CI.SLA CI.VTV IM.NV31
LB.DAC NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.OMMB NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.RUB
NN.UNVG NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER TA.K04D TA.M04C TA.R11A US.DUG
US.ELK US.TPNV UU.CCUT UU.KNB UU.LCMT UU.PKCU UU.PSUT
UU.SZCU UU.TCRU UU.VRUT UU.ZNPU
Filtering commands used:
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 3.51e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.63
Z = 8 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 172 86 150
NP2 265 60 5
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 3.51e+21 24 125
N 0.00e+00 60 345
P -3.51e+21 17 223
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -7.88e+20
Mxy -2.96e+21
Mxz -5.23e+13
Myy 5.23e+20
Myz 1.75e+21
Mzz 2.65e+20
####----------
########--------------
###########-----------------
############------------------
###############-------------------
################--------------------
#################---------------------
#############-----##############--------
########----------###################---
#####---------------#####################-
###-----------------######################
#-------------------######################
--------------------######################
--------------------####################
--------------------############ #####
-------------------############ T ####
---- -----------############ ###
--- P ------------################
- ------------##############
----------------############
-------------#########
---------#####
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
2.65e+20 -5.23e+13 -1.75e+21
-5.23e+13 -7.88e+20 2.96e+21
-1.75e+21 2.96e+21 5.23e+20
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140114061022/index.html
|
Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is
STK = 265
DIP = 60
RAKE = 5
MW = 3.63
HS = 8.0
The NDK file is 20140114061022.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to others
| SLU |
USGSMT |
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/01/14 06:10:22:0 38.57 -118.44 7.0 3.7 Nevada
Stations used:
AE.W13A AZ.RDM BK.CMB CI.ADO CI.ARV CI.CWC CI.DEC CI.DGR
CI.EDW2 CI.FUR CI.GRA CI.GSC CI.HEC CI.LRL CI.MLAC CI.MPM
CI.MUR CI.NEE2 CI.PASC CI.RPV CI.SHO CI.SLA CI.VTV IM.NV31
LB.DAC NN.BEK NN.KVN NN.OMMB NN.PAH NN.PNT NN.PRN NN.RUB
NN.UNVG NN.VCN NN.WAK NN.YER TA.K04D TA.M04C TA.R11A US.DUG
US.ELK US.TPNV UU.CCUT UU.KNB UU.LCMT UU.PKCU UU.PSUT
UU.SZCU UU.TCRU UU.VRUT UU.ZNPU
Filtering commands used:
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 3.51e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.63
Z = 8 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 172 86 150
NP2 265 60 5
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 3.51e+21 24 125
N 0.00e+00 60 345
P -3.51e+21 17 223
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -7.88e+20
Mxy -2.96e+21
Mxz -5.23e+13
Myy 5.23e+20
Myz 1.75e+21
Mzz 2.65e+20
####----------
########--------------
###########-----------------
############------------------
###############-------------------
################--------------------
#################---------------------
#############-----##############--------
########----------###################---
#####---------------#####################-
###-----------------######################
#-------------------######################
--------------------######################
--------------------####################
--------------------############ #####
-------------------############ T ####
---- -----------############ ###
--- P ------------################
- ------------##############
----------------############
-------------#########
---------#####
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
2.65e+20 -5.23e+13 -1.75e+21
-5.23e+13 -7.88e+20 2.96e+21
-1.75e+21 2.96e+21 5.23e+20
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140114061022/index.html
|
Moment 3.12e+14 N-m
Magnitude 3.6
Percent DC 99%
Depth 8.0 km
Updated 2014-01-14 06:36:46 UTC
Author nn
Catalog nn
Contributor nn
Code nn00434307-nn-mt
Principal Axes
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 3.124 20 121
N -0.015 57 357
P -3.109 25 221
Nodal Planes
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 352 87 -147
NP2 260 58 -4
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Magnitudes
ML Magnitude
(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Context
The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).
Waveform Inversion
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the
and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
|
|
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 255 75 -15 3.23 0.2918
WVFGRD96 1.0 80 90 -5 3.27 0.3283
WVFGRD96 2.0 260 90 5 3.42 0.4690
WVFGRD96 3.0 260 80 0 3.48 0.5110
WVFGRD96 4.0 265 70 5 3.52 0.5290
WVFGRD96 5.0 265 65 5 3.56 0.5454
WVFGRD96 6.0 265 60 5 3.58 0.5580
WVFGRD96 7.0 265 65 5 3.59 0.5640
WVFGRD96 8.0 265 60 5 3.63 0.5673
WVFGRD96 9.0 265 60 5 3.64 0.5626
WVFGRD96 10.0 265 60 5 3.65 0.5556
WVFGRD96 11.0 265 65 5 3.65 0.5478
WVFGRD96 12.0 265 65 5 3.66 0.5404
WVFGRD96 13.0 265 65 5 3.67 0.5321
WVFGRD96 14.0 265 65 5 3.68 0.5233
WVFGRD96 15.0 265 70 5 3.69 0.5146
WVFGRD96 16.0 265 70 5 3.69 0.5062
WVFGRD96 17.0 265 70 5 3.70 0.4971
WVFGRD96 18.0 90 70 20 3.72 0.4879
WVFGRD96 19.0 90 70 20 3.73 0.4825
WVFGRD96 20.0 90 70 20 3.74 0.4770
WVFGRD96 21.0 90 75 25 3.75 0.4717
WVFGRD96 22.0 90 75 25 3.76 0.4656
WVFGRD96 23.0 90 75 25 3.77 0.4594
WVFGRD96 24.0 90 75 25 3.77 0.4529
WVFGRD96 25.0 90 75 25 3.78 0.4464
WVFGRD96 26.0 90 75 25 3.79 0.4401
WVFGRD96 27.0 90 75 25 3.80 0.4334
WVFGRD96 28.0 90 75 25 3.80 0.4270
WVFGRD96 29.0 90 75 25 3.81 0.4205
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 8.0 265 60 5 3.63 0.5673
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
|
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Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
|
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
|
The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
|
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Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
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A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Discussion
Acknowledgements
Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.
Velocity Model
The WUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Quality Control
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
Last Changed Mon Dec 7 00:09:32 CST 2015
