Location

2012/08/09 16:43:25 60.341 -147.518 10.7 4.90 Alaska

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Arrival time list

Felt Map

USGS Felt map for this earthquake

USGS Felt reports main page

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2012/08/09 16:43:25:0  60.34 -147.52  10.7 4.9 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.BMR AK.BPAW AK.BRLK AK.BWN AK.CAST AK.CCB AK.CHUM AK.CNP 
   AK.CTG AK.DHY AK.DIV AK.EYAK AK.FIB AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.GLM 
   AK.HDA AK.HIN AK.HOM AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCK AK.MDM 
   AK.MLY AK.NEA AK.PAX AK.PPD AK.PPLA AK.RAG AK.RC01 AK.RIDG 
   AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM AK.SCRK AK.SKN AK.SSN AK.TGL AK.TRF 
   AK.WAX AK.WRH AT.MID AT.OHAK CN.DAWY II.KDAK IU.COLA 
   US.EGAK 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   hp c 0.02 n 3
   lp c 0.06 n 3
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 9.33e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.58 
  Z  = 27 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      182    61   -118
   NP2       50    40   -50
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   9.33e+22     11     292
    N   0.00e+00     24     197
    P  -9.33e+22     63      45

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     3.34e+21
       Mxy    -4.14e+22
       Mxz    -2.00e+22
       Myy     6.71e+22
       Myz    -4.32e+22
       Mzz    -7.04e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ######--------                  
                 #########-------------              
              ###########-----------------           
             ###########-------------------          
           ############---------------------#        
          ############-----------------------#       
            ##########-----------------------##      
        # T #########----------   -----------###     
        #   #########---------- P ----------####     
       ##############----------   ----------#####    
       ##############----------------------######    
       #############-----------------------######    
       ##############---------------------#######    
        #############-------------------########     
        #############------------------#########     
         ############----------------##########      
          ############-------------###########       
           ###########----------#############        
             ##########------##############          
              ----------##################           
                 --------##############              
                     -----#########                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -7.04e+22  -2.00e+22   4.32e+22 
 -2.00e+22   3.34e+21   4.14e+22 
  4.32e+22   4.14e+22   6.71e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20120809164325/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 50
      DIP = 40
     RAKE = -50
       MW = 4.58
       HS = 27.0

The NDK file is 20120809164325.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2012/08/09 16:43:25:0  60.34 -147.52  10.7 4.9 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.BMR AK.BPAW AK.BRLK AK.BWN AK.CAST AK.CCB AK.CHUM AK.CNP 
   AK.CTG AK.DHY AK.DIV AK.EYAK AK.FIB AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.GLM 
   AK.HDA AK.HIN AK.HOM AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCK AK.MDM 
   AK.MLY AK.NEA AK.PAX AK.PPD AK.PPLA AK.RAG AK.RC01 AK.RIDG 
   AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM AK.SCRK AK.SKN AK.SSN AK.TGL AK.TRF 
   AK.WAX AK.WRH AT.MID AT.OHAK CN.DAWY II.KDAK IU.COLA 
   US.EGAK 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   hp c 0.02 n 3
   lp c 0.06 n 3
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 9.33e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.58 
  Z  = 27 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      182    61   -118
   NP2       50    40   -50
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   9.33e+22     11     292
    N   0.00e+00     24     197
    P  -9.33e+22     63      45

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     3.34e+21
       Mxy    -4.14e+22
       Mxz    -2.00e+22
       Myy     6.71e+22
       Myz    -4.32e+22
       Mzz    -7.04e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ######--------                  
                 #########-------------              
              ###########-----------------           
             ###########-------------------          
           ############---------------------#        
          ############-----------------------#       
            ##########-----------------------##      
        # T #########----------   -----------###     
        #   #########---------- P ----------####     
       ##############----------   ----------#####    
       ##############----------------------######    
       #############-----------------------######    
       ##############---------------------#######    
        #############-------------------########     
        #############------------------#########     
         ############----------------##########      
          ############-------------###########       
           ###########----------#############        
             ##########------##############          
              ----------##################           
                 --------##############              
                     -----#########                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -7.04e+22  -2.00e+22   4.32e+22 
 -2.00e+22   3.34e+21   4.14e+22 
  4.32e+22   4.14e+22   6.71e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20120809164325/index.html
	

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    0.5    20    45    90   4.11 0.2628
WVFGRD96    1.0    20    45    90   4.16 0.2634
WVFGRD96    2.0   200    45    90   4.25 0.3250
WVFGRD96    3.0    20    45   -90   4.30 0.3073
WVFGRD96    4.0   210    45   -75   4.31 0.2745
WVFGRD96    5.0    95    60    -5   4.27 0.2538
WVFGRD96    6.0   270    45    10   4.29 0.2678
WVFGRD96    7.0   270    45    20   4.30 0.2915
WVFGRD96    8.0   275    35    10   4.37 0.3090
WVFGRD96    9.0   275    35    10   4.39 0.3330
WVFGRD96   10.0   275    35     5   4.40 0.3540
WVFGRD96   11.0   275    35     5   4.41 0.3736
WVFGRD96   12.0   265    30   -15   4.42 0.3939
WVFGRD96   13.0    50    35   -50   4.45 0.4196
WVFGRD96   14.0    45    35   -60   4.47 0.4511
WVFGRD96   15.0    40    35   -65   4.48 0.4798
WVFGRD96   16.0    40    35   -65   4.49 0.5045
WVFGRD96   17.0    45    40   -55   4.50 0.5261
WVFGRD96   18.0    45    40   -55   4.51 0.5450
WVFGRD96   19.0    45    40   -55   4.52 0.5611
WVFGRD96   20.0    45    40   -55   4.53 0.5747
WVFGRD96   21.0    45    40   -55   4.54 0.5858
WVFGRD96   22.0    50    40   -50   4.55 0.5952
WVFGRD96   23.0    50    40   -50   4.56 0.6028
WVFGRD96   24.0    50    40   -50   4.56 0.6084
WVFGRD96   25.0    50    40   -50   4.57 0.6120
WVFGRD96   26.0    50    40   -50   4.58 0.6139
WVFGRD96   27.0    50    40   -50   4.58 0.6141
WVFGRD96   28.0    55    40   -45   4.59 0.6128
WVFGRD96   29.0    55    40   -45   4.60 0.6099
WVFGRD96   30.0    55    40   -45   4.61 0.6053
WVFGRD96   31.0    55    40   -45   4.61 0.5991
WVFGRD96   32.0    55    40   -45   4.62 0.5914
WVFGRD96   33.0    55    40   -45   4.62 0.5824
WVFGRD96   34.0    55    40   -45   4.63 0.5722
WVFGRD96   35.0    55    40   -45   4.64 0.5613
WVFGRD96   36.0    55    40   -45   4.64 0.5499
WVFGRD96   37.0    60    45   -40   4.65 0.5382
WVFGRD96   38.0    60    45   -40   4.66 0.5262
WVFGRD96   39.0    60    40   -45   4.67 0.5145

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   27.0    50    40   -50   4.58 0.6141

The mechanism corresponding to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Mon Dec 7 00:25:23 CST 2015