2010/10/11 16:06:04 35.315 -92.335 5.9 3.50 Arkansas
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2010/10/11 16:06:04:0 35.31 -92.33 5.9 3.5 Arkansas Stations used: AG.FCAR AG.LCAR AG.WLAR NM.MGMO NM.SIUC NM.UALR NM.USIN NM.UTMT TA.P36A TA.Q35A TA.Q36A TA.Q37A TA.R35A TA.R36A TA.S35A TA.S36A TA.T35A TA.T36A TA.T37A TA.V35A TA.W36A TA.W38A TA.X36A TA.X37A TA.X38A TA.Y35A TA.Y38A TA.Y39A TA.Z38A TA.Z39A US.MIAR Filtering commands used: hp c 0.02 n 4 lp c 0.10 n 4 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.63e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.64 Z = 4 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 197 80 165 NP2 290 75 10 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.63e+21 18 153 N 0.00e+00 72 346 P -3.63e+21 4 244 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 1.94e+21 Mxy -2.75e+21 Mxz -8.30e+20 Myy -2.26e+21 Myz 6.83e+20 Mzz 3.15e+20 #############- ################------ ##################---------- ##################------------ ###################--------------- ###################----------------- ###################------------------- -----------#########-------------------- ------------------#--------------------- -------------------#####------------------ -------------------##########------------- ------------------##############---------- ------------------#################------- ----------------#####################--- -------------#######################- P ------------######################## ------------####################### -----------####################### ---------############ ###### --------############ T ##### -----############ ## -############# Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 3.15e+20 -8.30e+20 -6.83e+20 -8.30e+20 1.94e+21 2.75e+21 -6.83e+20 2.75e+21 -2.26e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20101011160604/index.html |
STK = 290 DIP = 75 RAKE = 10 MW = 3.64 HS = 4.0
The waveform inversion is preferred.
The following compares this source inversion to others
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2010/10/11 16:06:04:0 35.31 -92.33 5.9 3.5 Arkansas Stations used: AG.FCAR AG.LCAR AG.WLAR NM.MGMO NM.SIUC NM.UALR NM.USIN NM.UTMT TA.P36A TA.Q35A TA.Q36A TA.Q37A TA.R35A TA.R36A TA.S35A TA.S36A TA.T35A TA.T36A TA.T37A TA.V35A TA.W36A TA.W38A TA.X36A TA.X37A TA.X38A TA.Y35A TA.Y38A TA.Y39A TA.Z38A TA.Z39A US.MIAR Filtering commands used: hp c 0.02 n 4 lp c 0.10 n 4 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 3.63e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.64 Z = 4 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 197 80 165 NP2 290 75 10 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 3.63e+21 18 153 N 0.00e+00 72 346 P -3.63e+21 4 244 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 1.94e+21 Mxy -2.75e+21 Mxz -8.30e+20 Myy -2.26e+21 Myz 6.83e+20 Mzz 3.15e+20 #############- ################------ ##################---------- ##################------------ ###################--------------- ###################----------------- ###################------------------- -----------#########-------------------- ------------------#--------------------- -------------------#####------------------ -------------------##########------------- ------------------##############---------- ------------------#################------- ----------------#####################--- -------------#######################- P ------------######################## ------------####################### -----------####################### ---------############ ###### --------############ T ##### -----############ ## -############# Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 3.15e+20 -8.30e+20 -6.83e+20 -8.30e+20 1.94e+21 2.75e+21 -6.83e+20 2.75e+21 -2.26e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20101011160604/index.html |
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.02 n 4 lp c 0.10 n 4 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT WVFGRD96 0.5 285 80 -30 3.59 0.3640 WVFGRD96 1.0 285 75 -25 3.60 0.3755 WVFGRD96 2.0 285 70 -15 3.62 0.3921 WVFGRD96 3.0 290 80 5 3.62 0.4019 WVFGRD96 4.0 290 75 10 3.64 0.4059 WVFGRD96 5.0 290 70 10 3.66 0.4050 WVFGRD96 6.0 290 65 5 3.67 0.4022 WVFGRD96 7.0 290 65 5 3.68 0.3989 WVFGRD96 8.0 290 65 5 3.69 0.3963 WVFGRD96 9.0 290 65 5 3.69 0.3934 WVFGRD96 10.0 290 65 5 3.70 0.3912 WVFGRD96 11.0 290 65 10 3.71 0.3885 WVFGRD96 12.0 290 75 15 3.71 0.3868 WVFGRD96 13.0 290 75 15 3.71 0.3858 WVFGRD96 14.0 290 80 15 3.72 0.3847 WVFGRD96 15.0 290 80 15 3.72 0.3834 WVFGRD96 16.0 290 80 15 3.73 0.3814 WVFGRD96 17.0 290 80 15 3.73 0.3784 WVFGRD96 18.0 290 85 15 3.74 0.3745 WVFGRD96 19.0 110 90 -15 3.74 0.3697
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 4.0 290 75 10 3.64 0.4059
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 n 4 lp c 0.10 n 4 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. |
A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Should the national backbone of the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) be implemented with an interstation separation of 300 km, it is very likely that an earthquake such as this would have been recorded at distances on the order of 100-200 km. This means that the closest station would have information on source depth and mechanism that was lacking here.
Dr. Harley Benz, USGS, provided the USGS USNSN digital data. The digital data used in this study were provided by Natural Resources Canada through their AUTODRM site http://www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca/nwfa/autodrm/autodrm_req_e.php, and IRIS using their BUD interface.
Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint L ouis University, Universityof Memphis, Lamont Doehrty Earth Observatory, Boston College, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.
The CUS used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01 CUS Model with Q from simple gamma values ISOTROPIC KGS FLAT EARTH 1-D CONSTANT VELOCITY LINE08 LINE09 LINE10 LINE11 H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS 1.0000 5.0000 2.8900 2.5000 0.172E-02 0.387E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 9.0000 6.1000 3.5200 2.7300 0.160E-02 0.363E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 10.0000 6.4000 3.7000 2.8200 0.149E-02 0.336E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 20.0000 6.7000 3.8700 2.9020 0.000E-04 0.000E-04 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.0000 8.1500 4.7000 3.3640 0.194E-02 0.431E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
DATE=Mon Oct 11 14:19:07 CDT 2010