2009/10/13 13:03:32 63.352 -145.135 9.6 3.70 Alaska
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2009/10/13 13:03:32:0 63.35 -145.13 9.6 3.7 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BMR AK.BPAW AK.CCB AK.COLD AK.DDM AK.DOT AK.EYAK AK.HDA
AK.KLU AK.MCK AK.MDM AK.MLY AK.PAX AK.PPLA AK.RND AK.SCM
AK.SCRK AK.TRF AK.WRH AT.PMR IU.COLA US.EGAK
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 7.24e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.84
Z = 13 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 260 55 60
NP2 125 45 126
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 7.24e+21 65 113
N 0.00e+00 24 278
P -7.24e+21 6 11
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -6.73e+21
Mxy -1.78e+21
Mxz -1.75e+21
Myy 8.37e+20
Myz 2.42e+21
Mzz 5.90e+21
--------- P --
------------- ------
----------------------------
------------------------------
----------------------------------
#-----------------------------------
##--------------###############-------
###--------#########################----
###----################################-
#####-####################################
####--####################################
##-----################### #############
#-------################## T #############
--------################# ############
----------##############################
-----------###########################
-------------#######################
---------------###################
--------------------######----
----------------------------
----------------------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
5.90e+21 -1.75e+21 -2.42e+21
-1.75e+21 -6.73e+21 1.78e+21
-2.42e+21 1.78e+21 8.37e+20
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20091013130332/index.html
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STK = 260
DIP = 55
RAKE = 60
MW = 3.84
HS = 13.0
The waveform inversion is preferred.
The following compares this source inversion to others
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2009/10/13 13:03:32:0 63.35 -145.13 9.6 3.7 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BMR AK.BPAW AK.CCB AK.COLD AK.DDM AK.DOT AK.EYAK AK.HDA
AK.KLU AK.MCK AK.MDM AK.MLY AK.PAX AK.PPLA AK.RND AK.SCM
AK.SCRK AK.TRF AK.WRH AT.PMR IU.COLA US.EGAK
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 7.24e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.84
Z = 13 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 260 55 60
NP2 125 45 126
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 7.24e+21 65 113
N 0.00e+00 24 278
P -7.24e+21 6 11
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -6.73e+21
Mxy -1.78e+21
Mxz -1.75e+21
Myy 8.37e+20
Myz 2.42e+21
Mzz 5.90e+21
--------- P --
------------- ------
----------------------------
------------------------------
----------------------------------
#-----------------------------------
##--------------###############-------
###--------#########################----
###----################################-
#####-####################################
####--####################################
##-----################### #############
#-------################## T #############
--------################# ############
----------##############################
-----------###########################
-------------#######################
---------------###################
--------------------######----
----------------------------
----------------------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
5.90e+21 -1.75e+21 -2.42e+21
-1.75e+21 -6.73e+21 1.78e+21
-2.42e+21 1.78e+21 8.37e+20
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20091013130332/index.html
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The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 0 40 -90 3.66 0.3603
WVFGRD96 1.0 5 40 -85 3.70 0.3623
WVFGRD96 2.0 35 35 -55 3.77 0.3374
WVFGRD96 3.0 55 40 -45 3.79 0.3322
WVFGRD96 4.0 45 70 -55 3.73 0.3453
WVFGRD96 5.0 45 70 -50 3.72 0.3628
WVFGRD96 6.0 255 60 50 3.75 0.3789
WVFGRD96 7.0 260 55 65 3.77 0.4159
WVFGRD96 8.0 260 55 65 3.78 0.4451
WVFGRD96 9.0 260 55 60 3.79 0.4658
WVFGRD96 10.0 260 55 65 3.82 0.4787
WVFGRD96 11.0 260 55 65 3.82 0.4901
WVFGRD96 12.0 260 55 60 3.83 0.4962
WVFGRD96 13.0 260 55 60 3.84 0.4975
WVFGRD96 14.0 260 55 60 3.84 0.4951
WVFGRD96 15.0 255 60 55 3.84 0.4901
WVFGRD96 16.0 255 60 55 3.85 0.4838
WVFGRD96 17.0 255 60 50 3.86 0.4760
WVFGRD96 18.0 255 60 50 3.87 0.4670
WVFGRD96 19.0 255 60 50 3.87 0.4567
WVFGRD96 20.0 255 55 50 3.89 0.4482
WVFGRD96 21.0 255 60 45 3.90 0.4404
WVFGRD96 22.0 255 60 45 3.91 0.4317
WVFGRD96 23.0 255 60 45 3.91 0.4222
WVFGRD96 24.0 255 60 45 3.92 0.4121
WVFGRD96 25.0 255 60 45 3.92 0.4019
WVFGRD96 26.0 255 60 45 3.92 0.3903
WVFGRD96 27.0 250 65 40 3.92 0.3784
WVFGRD96 28.0 255 65 40 3.93 0.3692
WVFGRD96 29.0 255 65 40 3.94 0.3598
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 13.0 260 55 60 3.84 0.4975
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted componnet is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. The number in black at the rightr of each predicted traces it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3
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| Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. |
Should the national backbone of the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) be implemented with an interstation separation of 300 km, it is very likely that an earthquake such as this would have been recorded at distances on the order of 100-200 km. This means that the closest station would have information on source depth and mechanism that was lacking here.
Dr. Harley Benz, USGS, provided the USGS USNSN digital data. The digital data used in this study were provided by Natural Resources Canada through their AUTODRM site http://www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca/nwfa/autodrm/autodrm_req_e.php, and IRIS using their BUD interface.
Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint L ouis University, Universityof Memphis, Lamont Doehrty Earth Observatory, Boston College, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.
The CUS used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01 CUS Model with Q from simple gamma values ISOTROPIC KGS FLAT EARTH 1-D CONSTANT VELOCITY LINE08 LINE09 LINE10 LINE11 H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS 1.0000 5.0000 2.8900 2.5000 0.172E-02 0.387E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 9.0000 6.1000 3.5200 2.7300 0.160E-02 0.363E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 10.0000 6.4000 3.7000 2.8200 0.149E-02 0.336E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 20.0000 6.7000 3.8700 2.9020 0.000E-04 0.000E-04 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.0000 8.1500 4.7000 3.3640 0.194E-02 0.431E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
DATE=Wed Oct 14 08:33:14 CDT 2009