2009/01/16 04:15:36 43.2250 -110.8590 5.0 3.70 Wyoming
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2009/01/16 04:15:36:0 43.22 -110.86 5.0 3.7 Wyoming
Stations used:
IW.DCID1 IW.FLWY IW.LOHW IW.MOOW IW.REDW IW.RRI2 IW.SNOW
TA.H18A TA.I15A TA.I16A TA.I18A TA.I19A TA.J15A TA.J17A
TA.J19A TA.K15A TA.K16A TA.K17A TA.K18A TA.K19A TA.L15A
TA.L17A TA.L18A US.AHID US.BW06
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.35e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.02
Z = 8 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 4 55 -93
NP2 190 35 -85
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.35e+22 10 96
N 0.00e+00 3 6
P -1.35e+22 79 260
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 1.50e+20
Mxy -1.53e+21
Mxz 1.50e+20
Myy 1.25e+22
Myz 4.69e+21
Mzz -1.26e+22
#######---####
#######--------#######
########------------########
#######--------------#########
########----------------##########
#######-------------------##########
########-------------------###########
########---------------------###########
#######----------------------###########
########----------------------############
#######--------- -----------############
#######--------- P -----------######## #
#######--------- -----------######## T #
######----------------------#########
#######---------------------############
######--------------------############
######-------------------###########
######-----------------###########
#####---------------##########
#####-------------##########
####---------#########
##-----#######
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-1.26e+22 1.50e+20 -4.69e+21
1.50e+20 1.50e+20 1.53e+21
-4.69e+21 1.53e+21 1.25e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20090116041536/index.html
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STK = 190
DIP = 35
RAKE = -85
MW = 4.02
HS = 8.0
The waveform inversion is preferred.
The following compares this source inversion to others
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2009/01/16 04:15:36:0 43.22 -110.86 5.0 3.7 Wyoming
Stations used:
IW.DCID1 IW.FLWY IW.LOHW IW.MOOW IW.REDW IW.RRI2 IW.SNOW
TA.H18A TA.I15A TA.I16A TA.I18A TA.I19A TA.J15A TA.J17A
TA.J19A TA.K15A TA.K16A TA.K17A TA.K18A TA.K19A TA.L15A
TA.L17A TA.L18A US.AHID US.BW06
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.35e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.02
Z = 8 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 4 55 -93
NP2 190 35 -85
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.35e+22 10 96
N 0.00e+00 3 6
P -1.35e+22 79 260
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 1.50e+20
Mxy -1.53e+21
Mxz 1.50e+20
Myy 1.25e+22
Myz 4.69e+21
Mzz -1.26e+22
#######---####
#######--------#######
########------------########
#######--------------#########
########----------------##########
#######-------------------##########
########-------------------###########
########---------------------###########
#######----------------------###########
########----------------------############
#######--------- -----------############
#######--------- P -----------######## #
#######--------- -----------######## T #
######----------------------#########
#######---------------------############
######--------------------############
######-------------------###########
######-----------------###########
#####---------------##########
#####-------------##########
####---------#########
##-----#######
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-1.26e+22 1.50e+20 -4.69e+21
1.50e+20 1.50e+20 1.53e+21
-4.69e+21 1.53e+21 1.25e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20090116041536/index.html
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The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 185 45 -90 3.56 0.2266
WVFGRD96 1.0 70 90 5 3.50 0.2210
WVFGRD96 2.0 250 90 10 3.67 0.3230
WVFGRD96 3.0 225 45 -30 3.77 0.3579
WVFGRD96 4.0 210 30 -50 3.87 0.4159
WVFGRD96 5.0 200 30 -65 3.91 0.4868
WVFGRD96 6.0 190 30 -80 3.95 0.5324
WVFGRD96 7.0 190 35 -80 3.95 0.5515
WVFGRD96 8.0 190 35 -85 4.02 0.5810
WVFGRD96 9.0 190 35 -85 4.01 0.5760
WVFGRD96 10.0 185 35 -85 4.00 0.5613
WVFGRD96 11.0 185 35 -85 3.99 0.5423
WVFGRD96 12.0 235 65 25 3.94 0.5323
WVFGRD96 13.0 235 65 25 3.95 0.5318
WVFGRD96 14.0 235 65 25 3.96 0.5285
WVFGRD96 15.0 235 65 20 3.96 0.5241
WVFGRD96 16.0 235 65 20 3.97 0.5184
WVFGRD96 17.0 230 65 15 3.97 0.5122
WVFGRD96 18.0 230 65 15 3.98 0.5062
WVFGRD96 19.0 230 65 15 3.99 0.4996
WVFGRD96 20.0 230 65 15 4.00 0.4924
WVFGRD96 21.0 230 65 15 4.01 0.4841
WVFGRD96 22.0 230 65 15 4.02 0.4769
WVFGRD96 23.0 230 60 15 4.02 0.4702
WVFGRD96 24.0 230 60 15 4.03 0.4630
WVFGRD96 25.0 230 60 15 4.04 0.4556
WVFGRD96 26.0 230 60 15 4.05 0.4479
WVFGRD96 27.0 230 60 15 4.05 0.4398
WVFGRD96 28.0 240 60 10 4.06 0.4322
WVFGRD96 29.0 240 60 10 4.07 0.4249
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 8.0 190 35 -85 4.02 0.5810
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted componnet is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. The number in black at the rightr of each predicted traces it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.10 n 3 br c 0.12 0.25 n 4 p 2
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| Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. |
Should the national backbone of the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) be implemented with an interstation separation of 300 km, it is very likely that an earthquake such as this would have been recorded at distances on the order of 100-200 km. This means that the closest station would have information on source depth and mechanism that was lacking here.
Dr. Harley Benz, USGS, provided the USGS USNSN digital data. The digital data used in this study were provided by Natural Resources Canada through their AUTODRM site http://www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca/nwfa/autodrm/autodrm_req_e.php, and IRIS using their BUD interface.
Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint L ouis University, Universityof Memphis, Lamont Doehrty Earth Observatory, Boston College, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.
The WUS used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
DATE=Fri Jan 16 17:34:19 CST 2009