1995/01/28 06:26:21 44.51N 114.83W 5 4.6 IDAHO
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS Felt reports page for Intermountain Western US
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the station distribution are given in Figure 1.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:hp c 0.02 3 lp c 0.06 3
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT WVFGRD96 0.5 170 75 15 3.95 0.3820 WVFGRD96 1.0 170 80 15 3.96 0.3955 WVFGRD96 2.0 170 75 15 4.01 0.4335 WVFGRD96 3.0 170 60 10 4.06 0.4539 WVFGRD96 4.0 170 60 10 4.09 0.4777 WVFGRD96 5.0 170 65 15 4.10 0.4952 WVFGRD96 6.0 170 65 20 4.12 0.5120 WVFGRD96 7.0 170 65 20 4.14 0.5331 WVFGRD96 8.0 170 65 20 4.16 0.5516 WVFGRD96 9.0 170 65 25 4.18 0.5602 WVFGRD96 10.0 170 65 25 4.19 0.5725 WVFGRD96 11.0 170 70 25 4.20 0.5743 WVFGRD96 12.0 155 70 -30 4.22 0.5874 WVFGRD96 13.0 155 70 -30 4.23 0.5984 WVFGRD96 14.0 160 75 -25 4.23 0.5917 WVFGRD96 15.0 160 75 -25 4.24 0.5974 WVFGRD96 16.0 160 75 -20 4.24 0.5863 WVFGRD96 17.0 160 75 -20 4.25 0.5883 WVFGRD96 18.0 160 75 -20 4.26 0.5880 WVFGRD96 19.0 155 80 20 4.26 0.5734
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted componnet is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. The number in black at the rightr of each predicted traces it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.02 3 lp c 0.06 3
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NODAL PLANES STK= 160.55 DIP= 76.00 RAKE= -46.78 OR STK= 264.98 DIP= 45.00 RAKE= -159.99 DEPTH = 13.0 km Mw = 4.31 Best Fit 0.8929 - P-T axis plot gives solutions with FIT greater than FIT90
The P-wave first motion data for focal mechanism studies are as follow:
Sta Az(deg) Dist(km) First motion WVOR 234 385 eP_X WCP 173 446 iP_C NEW 338 453 eP_X BMN 204 494 eP_X WMT 161 516 eP_X
Surface wave analysis was performed using codes from Computer Programs in Seismology, specifically the multiple filter analysis program do_mft and the surface-wave radiation pattern search program srfgrd96.
The velocity model used for the search is a modified Utah model .
Digital data were collected, instrument response removed and traces converted
to Z, R an T components. Multiple filter analysis was applied to the Z and T traces to obtain the Rayleigh- and Love-wave spectral amplitudes, respectively.
These were input to the search program which examined all depths between 1 and 25 km
and all possible mechanisms.
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Pressure-tension axis trends. Since the surface-wave spectra search does not distinguish between P and T axes and since there is a 180 ambiguity in strike, all possible P and T axes are plotted. First motion data and waveforms will be used to select the preferred mechanism. The purpose of this plot is to provide an idea of the possible range of solutions. The P and T-axes for all mechanisms with goodness of fit greater than 0.9 FITMAX (above) are plotted here. |
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the Love and Rayleigh wave radiation patterns. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. A nearly vertical strike-slip fault striking at 75 or 165 degrees is preferred. Because of the symmetry of the spectral amplitude rediation patterns, only strikes from 0-180 degrees are sampled. |
Sta Az(deg) Dist(km) WVOR 234 385 WCP 173 446 NEW 338 453 BMN 204 494 WMT 161 516 RCC 140 565 GAR 174 628 MLC 195 634 MDW 161 657 SRS 149 714 MNV 203 730 LMP 156 787 MLAC 205 835 CYF 150 878 GOL 121 947 ISA 199 1030 GSC 190 1036 NEE 179 1076 VTV 192 1125 SVD 190 1172 PAS 195 1186 SBC 202 1194 CALB 197 1196 USC 196 1202 PFO 187 1218 DGR 190 1220 RPV 196 1234 SNCC 200 1314 BAR 188 1323
Since the analysis of the surface-wave radiation patterns uses only spectral amplitudes and because the surfave-wave radiation patterns have a 180 degree symmetry, each surface-wave solution consists of four possible focal mechanisms corresponding to the interchange of the P- and T-axes and a roation of the mechanism by 180 degrees. To select one mechanism, P-wave first motion can be used. This was not possible in this case because all the P-wave first motions were emergent ( a feature of the P-wave wave takeoff angle, the station location and the mechanism). The other way to select among the mechanisms is to compute forward synthetics and compare the observed and predicted waveforms.
The velocity model used for the waveform fit is a modified Utah model .
The fits to the waveforms with the given mechanism are show below:
This figure shows the fit to the three components of motion (Z - vertical, R-radial and T - transverse). For each station and component, the observed traces is shown in red and the model predicted trace in blue. The traces represent filtered ground velocity in units of meters/sec (the peak value is printed adjacent to each trace; each pair of traces to plotted to the same scale to emphasize the difference in levels). Both synthetic and observed traces have been filtered using the SAC commands:
hp c 0.02 3 lp c 0.06 3
Should the national backbone of the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) be implemented with an interstation separation of 300 km, it is very likely that an earthquake such as this would have been recorded at distances on the order of 100-200 km. This means that the closest station would have information on source depth and mechanism that was lacking here.
Dr. Harley Benz, USGS, provided the USGS USNSN digital data.
The figures below show the observed spectral amplitudes (units of cm-sec) at each station and the
theoretical predictions as a function of period for the mechanism given above. The modified Utah model earth model
was used to define the Green's functions. For each station, the Love and Rayleigh wave spectrail amplitudes are plotted with the same scaling so that one can get a sense fo the effects of the effects of the focal mechanism and depth on the excitation of each.
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files: