Location
2014/12/21 15:51:28 43.534 12.132 8.5 3.6 Italy
Arrival Times (from USGS)
Arrival time list
Felt Map
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS Felt reports page for
Focal Mechanism
SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/12/21 15:51:28:0 43.53 12.13 8.5 3.6 Italy
Stations used:
GU.MAIM IV.ARVD IV.ASQU IV.BDI IV.CAFI IV.CESX IV.CING
IV.CRE IV.CRMI IV.CSNT IV.FSSB IV.MGAB IV.MTCE IV.MURB
IV.OSSC IV.PARC IV.PIEI IV.SACS IV.SNTG IV.SSFR MN.VLC
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 2.95e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.58
Z = 3 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 310 50 -90
NP2 130 40 -90
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 2.95e+21 5 40
N 0.00e+00 -0 310
P -2.95e+21 85 220
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 1.71e+21
Mxy 1.43e+21
Mxz 3.93e+20
Myy 1.20e+21
Myz 3.29e+20
Mzz -2.91e+21
##############
######################
######################### T
#--------################# #
#----------------#################
#--------------------###############
##-----------------------#############
###-------------------------############
####--------------------------##########
#####---------------------------##########
######---------------------------#########
######----------- ---------------#######
#######---------- P ---------------#######
########-------- ----------------#####
#########---------------------------####
##########-------------------------###
###########-----------------------##
#############--------------------#
##############----------------
############################
######################
##############
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-2.91e+21 3.93e+20 -3.29e+20
3.93e+20 1.71e+21 -1.43e+21
-3.29e+20 -1.43e+21 1.20e+21
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20141221155128/index.html
|
Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is
STK = 130
DIP = 40
RAKE = -90
MW = 3.58
HS = 3.0
The NDK file is 20141221155128.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to others
| SLU |
INGVTDMT |
SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/12/21 15:51:28:0 43.53 12.13 8.5 3.6 Italy
Stations used:
GU.MAIM IV.ARVD IV.ASQU IV.BDI IV.CAFI IV.CESX IV.CING
IV.CRE IV.CRMI IV.CSNT IV.FSSB IV.MGAB IV.MTCE IV.MURB
IV.OSSC IV.PARC IV.PIEI IV.SACS IV.SNTG IV.SSFR MN.VLC
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 2.95e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.58
Z = 3 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 310 50 -90
NP2 130 40 -90
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 2.95e+21 5 40
N 0.00e+00 -0 310
P -2.95e+21 85 220
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 1.71e+21
Mxy 1.43e+21
Mxz 3.93e+20
Myy 1.20e+21
Myz 3.29e+20
Mzz -2.91e+21
##############
######################
######################### T
#--------################# #
#----------------#################
#--------------------###############
##-----------------------#############
###-------------------------############
####--------------------------##########
#####---------------------------##########
######---------------------------#########
######----------- ---------------#######
#######---------- P ---------------#######
########-------- ----------------#####
#########---------------------------####
##########-------------------------###
###########-----------------------##
#############--------------------#
##############----------------
############################
######################
##############
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-2.91e+21 3.93e+20 -3.29e+20
3.93e+20 1.71e+21 -1.43e+21
-3.29e+20 -1.43e+21 1.20e+21
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20141221155128/index.html
|
|
Waveform Inversion
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the
and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
|
|
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
|
The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 1.0 145 40 -70 3.45 0.4945
WVFGRD96 2.0 135 35 -85 3.55 0.5577
WVFGRD96 3.0 130 40 -90 3.58 0.5636
WVFGRD96 4.0 135 40 -85 3.60 0.5433
WVFGRD96 5.0 130 40 -90 3.67 0.5630
WVFGRD96 6.0 15 50 40 3.58 0.5143
WVFGRD96 7.0 15 50 35 3.58 0.5145
WVFGRD96 8.0 185 70 30 3.57 0.5140
WVFGRD96 9.0 180 70 25 3.58 0.5140
WVFGRD96 10.0 180 70 25 3.60 0.5112
WVFGRD96 11.0 180 70 25 3.61 0.5060
WVFGRD96 12.0 350 65 -30 3.62 0.5002
WVFGRD96 13.0 350 65 -30 3.64 0.4972
WVFGRD96 14.0 350 65 -30 3.65 0.4936
WVFGRD96 15.0 350 65 -35 3.67 0.4910
WVFGRD96 16.0 350 65 -35 3.68 0.4865
WVFGRD96 17.0 350 65 -35 3.69 0.4813
WVFGRD96 18.0 345 60 -35 3.71 0.4756
WVFGRD96 19.0 345 65 -35 3.71 0.4692
WVFGRD96 20.0 350 75 -35 3.71 0.4619
WVFGRD96 21.0 345 65 -30 3.72 0.4548
WVFGRD96 22.0 345 65 -30 3.73 0.4478
WVFGRD96 23.0 340 50 -40 3.75 0.4436
WVFGRD96 24.0 340 50 -40 3.76 0.4418
WVFGRD96 25.0 340 50 -40 3.77 0.4409
WVFGRD96 26.0 340 50 -40 3.78 0.4379
WVFGRD96 27.0 340 50 -40 3.79 0.4355
WVFGRD96 28.0 340 50 -40 3.80 0.4307
WVFGRD96 29.0 340 55 -40 3.81 0.4254
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 3.0 130 40 -90 3.58 0.5636
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
|
|
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
|
The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
|
|
Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
|
The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.10 n 3
|
|
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
|
|
|
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
|
A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Discussion
Velocity Model
The nnCIA used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01
C.It. A. Di Luzio et al Earth Plan Lettrs 280 (2009) 1-12 Fig 5. 7-8 MODEL/SURF3
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.5000 3.7497 2.1436 2.2753 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
3.0000 4.9399 2.8210 2.4858 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
3.0000 6.0129 3.4336 2.7058 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
7.0000 5.5516 3.1475 2.6093 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
15.0000 5.8805 3.3583 2.6770 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.0000 7.1059 4.0081 3.0002 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
8.0000 7.1000 3.9864 3.0120 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.4036 3.2760 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Quality Control
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
DATE=Mon Dec 22 17:53:33 CST 2014
Last Changed 2014/12/21
