Location
2014/04/29 22:26:02 43.991 12.989 33.9 3.50 Italy
Arrival Times (from USGS)
Arrival time list
Felt Map
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS Felt reports page for
Focal Mechanism
SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/04/29 22:26:02:0 43.99 12.99 33.9 3.5 Italy
Stations used:
GU.MAIM IV.ARVD IV.ASQU IV.BDI IV.CAMP IV.CESX IV.CING
IV.CRE IV.CRMI IV.FSSB IV.INTR IV.MGAB IV.MTCE IV.MURB
IV.PARC IV.PTQR IV.SACS IV.SNTG IV.SSFR IV.TOLF MN.AQU
Filtering commands used:
cut a -10 a 100
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 2.24e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.50
Z = 7 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 306 60 93
NP2 120 30 85
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 2.24e+21 75 224
N 0.00e+00 2 124
P -2.24e+21 15 34
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.36e+21
Mxy -8.85e+20
Mxz -8.81e+20
Myy -5.67e+20
Myz -7.04e+20
Mzz 1.93e+21
--------------
-------------------
---------------------- P ---
----------------------- ----
#########-------------------------
###############---------------------
-###################------------------
-#######################----------------
--########################--------------
---##########################-------------
---############################-----------
----############# #############---------
----############# T ##############--------
----############ ###############------
------#############################-----
------#############################---
-------############################-
---------########################-
----------##################--
----------------####--------
----------------------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
1.93e+21 -8.81e+20 7.04e+20
-8.81e+20 -1.36e+21 8.85e+20
7.04e+20 8.85e+20 -5.67e+20
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20140429222602/index.html
|
Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is
STK = 120
DIP = 30
RAKE = 85
MW = 3.50
HS = 7.0
The NDK file is 20140429222602.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to others
| SLU |
INGVTDMT |
SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/04/29 22:26:02:0 43.99 12.99 33.9 3.5 Italy
Stations used:
GU.MAIM IV.ARVD IV.ASQU IV.BDI IV.CAMP IV.CESX IV.CING
IV.CRE IV.CRMI IV.FSSB IV.INTR IV.MGAB IV.MTCE IV.MURB
IV.PARC IV.PTQR IV.SACS IV.SNTG IV.SSFR IV.TOLF MN.AQU
Filtering commands used:
cut a -10 a 100
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 2.24e+21 dyne-cm
Mw = 3.50
Z = 7 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 306 60 93
NP2 120 30 85
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 2.24e+21 75 224
N 0.00e+00 2 124
P -2.24e+21 15 34
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.36e+21
Mxy -8.85e+20
Mxz -8.81e+20
Myy -5.67e+20
Myz -7.04e+20
Mzz 1.93e+21
--------------
-------------------
---------------------- P ---
----------------------- ----
#########-------------------------
###############---------------------
-###################------------------
-#######################----------------
--########################--------------
---##########################-------------
---############################-----------
----############# #############---------
----############# T ##############--------
----############ ###############------
------#############################-----
------#############################---
-------############################-
---------########################-
----------##################--
----------------####--------
----------------------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
1.93e+21 -8.81e+20 7.04e+20
-8.81e+20 -1.36e+21 8.85e+20
7.04e+20 8.85e+20 -5.67e+20
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20140429222602/index.html
|
|
Waveform Inversion
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the
and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
|
|
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
|
The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut a -10 a 100
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 1.0 95 40 45 3.27 0.3075
WVFGRD96 2.0 280 70 65 3.37 0.3280
WVFGRD96 3.0 285 70 65 3.40 0.3539
WVFGRD96 4.0 310 65 95 3.43 0.3906
WVFGRD96 5.0 115 25 80 3.50 0.4417
WVFGRD96 6.0 115 30 80 3.51 0.4803
WVFGRD96 7.0 120 30 85 3.50 0.4880
WVFGRD96 8.0 110 35 70 3.47 0.4616
WVFGRD96 9.0 100 35 55 3.45 0.4392
WVFGRD96 10.0 90 40 45 3.44 0.4207
WVFGRD96 11.0 85 45 30 3.44 0.4090
WVFGRD96 12.0 80 50 25 3.44 0.3993
WVFGRD96 13.0 75 50 20 3.44 0.3893
WVFGRD96 14.0 75 55 15 3.44 0.3802
WVFGRD96 15.0 80 50 20 3.46 0.3733
WVFGRD96 16.0 75 55 15 3.46 0.3641
WVFGRD96 17.0 70 60 -15 3.46 0.3560
WVFGRD96 18.0 70 60 -20 3.47 0.3491
WVFGRD96 19.0 70 60 -20 3.47 0.3420
WVFGRD96 20.0 75 65 -20 3.48 0.3361
WVFGRD96 21.0 75 65 -20 3.48 0.3306
WVFGRD96 22.0 75 65 -20 3.49 0.3254
WVFGRD96 23.0 75 65 -20 3.49 0.3198
WVFGRD96 24.0 75 65 -20 3.50 0.3144
WVFGRD96 25.0 75 65 -20 3.51 0.3093
WVFGRD96 26.0 75 65 -20 3.51 0.3047
WVFGRD96 27.0 75 65 -20 3.52 0.3003
WVFGRD96 28.0 75 65 -20 3.53 0.2967
WVFGRD96 29.0 185 60 20 3.54 0.2991
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 7.0 120 30 85 3.50 0.4880
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
|
|
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
|
The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
|
|
Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
|
The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut a -10 a 100
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
|
|
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
|
|
|
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
|
A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Discussion
Velocity Model
The nnCIA used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01
C.It. A. Di Luzio et al Earth Plan Lettrs 280 (2009) 1-12 Fig 5. 7-8 MODEL/SURF3
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.5000 3.7497 2.1436 2.2753 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
3.0000 4.9399 2.8210 2.4858 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
3.0000 6.0129 3.4336 2.7058 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
7.0000 5.5516 3.1475 2.6093 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
15.0000 5.8805 3.3583 2.6770 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.0000 7.1059 4.0081 3.0002 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
8.0000 7.1000 3.9864 3.0120 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.4036 3.2760 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Quality Control
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
DATE=Wed Apr 30 07:36:34 CDT 2014
Last Changed 2014/04/29
