Location

2013/07/11 04:32:21 43.812 12.032 8.3 3.9 Italy

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Felt Map

Focal Mechanism

SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2013/07/11 04:32:21:0 43.81 12.03 8.3 3.9 Italy Stations used: GU.POPM IV.ARCI IV.ASQU IV.BDI IV.CAFI IV.CESI IV.CESX IV.CING IV.CRMI IV.CSNT IV.FNVD IV.GROG IV.GUMA IV.MAON IV.MGAB IV.MTRZ IV.MURB IV.NRCA IV.PARC IV.PESA IV.PLMA IV.SACS IV.SNTG IV.SSFR IV.TERO IV.ZCCA MN.VLC Filtering commands used: cut a -30 a 90 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.05 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.45e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.04 Z = 5 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 148 45 -95 NP2 335 45 -85 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.45e+22 0 241 N 0.00e+00 4 151 P -1.45e+22 86 333 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 3.25e+21 Mxy 6.09e+21 Mxz -8.07e+20 Myy 1.11e+22 Myz 3.76e+20 Mzz -1.44e+22 ############## --------############## ##-------------############# ##----------------############ ####------------------############ #####--------------------########### #####----------------------########### ######-----------------------########### #######-----------------------########## ########----------- ----------########## ########----------- P -----------######### #########---------- -----------######### ##########-----------------------######### ##########-----------------------####### ###########----------------------####### ########---------------------###### T ##########------------------###### ############----------------##### #############--------------### ###############----------### ###################--# ############## Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -1.44e+22 -8.07e+20 -3.76e+20 -8.07e+20 3.25e+21 -6.09e+21 -3.76e+20 -6.09e+21 1.11e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20130711043221/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 335
      DIP = 45
     RAKE = -85
       MW = 4.04
       HS = 5.0

The NDK file is 20130711043221.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others

SLU

SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2013/07/11 04:32:21:0 43.81 12.03 8.3 3.9 Italy Stations used: GU.POPM IV.ARCI IV.ASQU IV.BDI IV.CAFI IV.CESI IV.CESX IV.CING IV.CRMI IV.CSNT IV.FNVD IV.GROG IV.GUMA IV.MAON IV.MGAB IV.MTRZ IV.MURB IV.NRCA IV.PARC IV.PESA IV.PLMA IV.SACS IV.SNTG IV.SSFR IV.TERO IV.ZCCA MN.VLC Filtering commands used: cut a -30 a 90 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.05 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.45e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.04 Z = 5 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 148 45 -95 NP2 335 45 -85 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.45e+22 0 241 N 0.00e+00 4 151 P -1.45e+22 86 333 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 3.25e+21 Mxy 6.09e+21 Mxz -8.07e+20 Myy 1.11e+22 Myz 3.76e+20 Mzz -1.44e+22 ############## --------############## ##-------------############# ##----------------############ ####------------------############ #####--------------------########### #####----------------------########### ######-----------------------########### #######-----------------------########## ########----------- ----------########## ########----------- P -----------######### #########---------- -----------######### ##########-----------------------######### ##########-----------------------####### ###########----------------------####### ########---------------------###### T ##########------------------###### ############----------------##### #############--------------### ###############----------### ###################--# ############## Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -1.44e+22 -8.07e+20 -3.76e+20 -8.07e+20 3.25e+21 -6.09e+21 -3.76e+20 -6.09e+21 1.11e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20130711043221/index.html

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut a -30 a 90
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3

The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   350    50   -65   3.88 0.3920
WVFGRD96    2.0   345    45   -70   3.93 0.4297
WVFGRD96    3.0   340    45   -80   3.98 0.4467
WVFGRD96    4.0   335    45   -85   4.01 0.4386
WVFGRD96    5.0   335    45   -85   4.04 0.4508
WVFGRD96    6.0   340    45   -80   4.03 0.3993
WVFGRD96    7.0   190    65   -40   3.94 0.3645
WVFGRD96    8.0   195    75   -35   3.91 0.3578
WVFGRD96    9.0   195    75   -30   3.92 0.3579
WVFGRD96   10.0   195    75   -30   3.92 0.3577
WVFGRD96   11.0   195    75   -30   3.93 0.3588
WVFGRD96   12.0   195    75   -30   3.94 0.3601
WVFGRD96   13.0   195    75   -30   3.95 0.3618
WVFGRD96   14.0   195    75   -30   3.95 0.3606
WVFGRD96   15.0   195    75   -30   3.98 0.3609
WVFGRD96   16.0   195    75   -30   3.98 0.3623
WVFGRD96   17.0   195    75   -30   3.99 0.3634
WVFGRD96   18.0   195    75   -30   4.00 0.3643
WVFGRD96   19.0   195    75   -30   4.01 0.3646
WVFGRD96   20.0   195    75   -30   4.02 0.3601
WVFGRD96   21.0   195    75   -30   4.03 0.3595
WVFGRD96   22.0   195    75   -30   4.04 0.3632
WVFGRD96   23.0   195    70   -30   4.05 0.3623
WVFGRD96   24.0   195    70   -30   4.06 0.3612
WVFGRD96   25.0   195    70   -30   4.07 0.3634
WVFGRD96   26.0   195    70   -30   4.08 0.3615
WVFGRD96   27.0   195    70   -30   4.09 0.3589
WVFGRD96   28.0   195    70   -30   4.10 0.3591
WVFGRD96   29.0   195    70   -30   4.10 0.3556

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    5.0   335    45   -85   4.04 0.4508

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut a -30 a 90
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Velocity Model

The nnCIA used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
C.It. A. Di Luzio et al Earth Plan Lettrs 280 (2009) 1-12 Fig 5. 7-8 MODEL/SURF3
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.5000     3.7497     2.1436     2.2753  0.500E-02  0.100E-01   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     3.0000     4.9399     2.8210     2.4858  0.500E-02  0.100E-01   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     3.0000     6.0129     3.4336     2.7058  0.500E-02  0.100E-01   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     7.0000     5.5516     3.1475     2.6093  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    15.0000     5.8805     3.3583     2.6770  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.0000     7.1059     4.0081     3.0002  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     8.0000     7.1000     3.9864     3.0120  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.4036     3.2760  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

DATE=Thu Jul 11 07:48:40 CDT 2013

Last Changed 2013/07/11