Location

2012/09/14 03:50:11 39.896 16.019 7.6 3.7 Italy

SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2012/09/14 03:50:11:0 39.90 16.02 7.6 3.7 Italy Stations used: IV.BULG IV.CDRU IV.CELI IV.CMPR IV.MCEL IV.MGR IV.MRLC IV.SALB IV.SERS IV.SLCN MN.CUC MN.TIP Filtering commands used: hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.06 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 5.89e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.78 Z = 5 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 170 50 -80 NP2 335 41 -102 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 5.89e+21 5 253 N 0.00e+00 8 344 P -5.89e+21 81 133 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 4.40e+20 Mxy 1.71e+21 Mxz 4.72e+20 Myy 5.27e+21 Myz -1.11e+21 Mzz -5.71e+21 --############ #####----############# #######---------############ #######------------########### ########---------------########### ########------------------########## #########-------------------########## ##########--------------------########## ##########---------------------######### ###########----------------------######### ###########-----------------------######## ###########----------- ---------######## ###########----------- P ---------######## ########---------- ---------####### T ########----------------------####### #########---------------------###### ###########--------------------##### ###########-------------------#### ##########-----------------### ###########--------------### ##########-----------# ########------ Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -5.71e+21 4.72e+20 1.11e+21 4.72e+20 4.40e+20 -1.71e+21 1.11e+21 -1.71e+21 5.27e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20120914035011/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 170
      DIP = 50
     RAKE = -80
       MW = 3.78
       HS = 5.0

The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others

SLU

INGVTDMT

SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2012/09/14 03:50:11:0 39.90 16.02 7.6 3.7 Italy Stations used: IV.BULG IV.CDRU IV.CELI IV.CMPR IV.MCEL IV.MGR IV.MRLC IV.SALB IV.SERS IV.SLCN MN.CUC MN.TIP Filtering commands used: hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.06 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 5.89e+21 dyne-cm Mw = 3.78 Z = 5 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 170 50 -80 NP2 335 41 -102 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 5.89e+21 5 253 N 0.00e+00 8 344 P -5.89e+21 81 133 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 4.40e+20 Mxy 1.71e+21 Mxz 4.72e+20 Myy 5.27e+21 Myz -1.11e+21 Mzz -5.71e+21 --############ #####----############# #######---------############ #######------------########### ########---------------########### ########------------------########## #########-------------------########## ##########--------------------########## ##########---------------------######### ###########----------------------######### ###########-----------------------######## ###########----------- ---------######## ###########----------- P ---------######## ########---------- ---------####### T ########----------------------####### #########---------------------###### ###########--------------------##### ###########-------------------#### ##########-----------------### ###########--------------### ##########-----------# ########------ Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P -5.71e+21 4.72e+20 1.11e+21 4.72e+20 4.40e+20 -1.71e+21 1.11e+21 -1.71e+21 5.27e+21 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20120914035011/index.html

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   170    60   -80   3.65 0.5295
WVFGRD96    2.0   175    55   -75   3.68 0.5902
WVFGRD96    3.0   175    55   -80   3.70 0.6085
WVFGRD96    4.0   175    50   -80   3.72 0.5961
WVFGRD96    5.0   170    50   -80   3.78 0.6184
WVFGRD96    6.0   175    50   -75   3.75 0.5576
WVFGRD96    7.0    10    40   -40   3.75 0.5100
WVFGRD96    8.0    15    40   -35   3.72 0.5033
WVFGRD96    9.0    20    45   -30   3.71 0.5074
WVFGRD96   10.0    20    45   -30   3.72 0.5108
WVFGRD96   11.0    20    45   -30   3.73 0.5116
WVFGRD96   12.0    20    45   -30   3.74 0.5102
WVFGRD96   13.0    25    50   -25   3.73 0.5084
WVFGRD96   14.0    25    50   -25   3.74 0.5048
WVFGRD96   15.0    20    45   -25   3.78 0.5035
WVFGRD96   16.0    20    45   -25   3.79 0.4998
WVFGRD96   17.0    20    45   -25   3.80 0.4949
WVFGRD96   18.0    20    45   -25   3.81 0.4894
WVFGRD96   19.0    35    55    20   3.76 0.4856
WVFGRD96   20.0    35    60    20   3.76 0.4848
WVFGRD96   21.0    35    60    25   3.76 0.4842
WVFGRD96   22.0    35    60    25   3.77 0.4837
WVFGRD96   23.0    35    60    25   3.78 0.4823
WVFGRD96   24.0    35    60    25   3.80 0.4805
WVFGRD96   25.0    35    60    25   3.81 0.4776
WVFGRD96   26.0    35    60    25   3.82 0.4737
WVFGRD96   27.0    35    65    25   3.82 0.4699
WVFGRD96   28.0    35    70    25   3.83 0.4689
WVFGRD96   29.0    35    70    25   3.85 0.4696

The best solution is

WVFGRD96    5.0   170    50   -80   3.78 0.6184

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

hp c 0.03 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Velocity Model

The nnCIA used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
C.It. A. Di Luzio et al Earth Plan Lettrs 280 (2009) 1-12 Fig 5. 7-8 MODEL/SURF3
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.5000     3.7497     2.1436     2.2753  0.500E-02  0.100E-01   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     3.0000     4.9399     2.8210     2.4858  0.500E-02  0.100E-01   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     3.0000     6.0129     3.4336     2.7058  0.500E-02  0.100E-01   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     7.0000     5.5516     3.1475     2.6093  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    15.0000     5.8805     3.3583     2.6770  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.0000     7.1059     4.0081     3.0002  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     8.0000     7.1000     3.9864     3.0120  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.4036     3.2760  0.167E-02  0.333E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

DATE=Fri Sep 14 08:01:50 CDT 2012