Location

Location ANSS

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2020/12/28 06:49:57:0 45.42 16.28 10.0 5.0 Croatia Stations used: BS.BLKB BW.ALFT BW.BGDS BW.BIB BW.FFB1 BW.FFB3 BW.GELB BW.GRMB BW.KW1 BW.MANZ BW.MGBB BW.MGS01 BW.MGS02 BW.MGS03 BW.MGS05 BW.PART BW.RJOB BW.RMOA BW.RNHA BW.RNON BW.ROTZ BW.RTBE BW.RTSH BW.SCE BW.TON BW.ZUGS CH.LIENZ CH.WALHA CR.ZAG GE.MATE GR.FUR GR.GEC2 GR.GEC7 GR.GRA1 GR.GRA2 GR.GRA3 GR.GRA4 GR.GRB1 GR.GRB3 GR.GRB5 GR.GRC1 GR.GRC2 GR.GRC3 GR.GRC4 GR.WET HU.ABAH HU.AMBH HU.BUD HU.CSKK HU.KOVH HU.MORH HU.MPLH HU.SOP HU.TIH MN.BLY MN.PDG OE.ABTA OE.ARSA OE.BIOA OE.CONA OE.CSNA OE.DAVA OE.FETA OE.KBA OE.LESA OE.MOA OE.MOTA OE.MYKA OE.OBKA OE.RETA OE.RONA OE.SOKA OE.SQTA OE.VIE OE.WATA OX.ACOM OX.AGOR OX.BAD OX.DRE OX.FUSE OX.MLN OX.PRED PL.OJC SJ.BBLS SL.BOJS SL.CADS SL.CEY SL.CRES SL.CRNS SL.DOBS SL.GBAS SL.GBRS SL.GCIS SL.GOLS SL.GORS SL.GROS SL.JAVS SL.LJU SL.MOZS SL.PDKS SL.PERS SL.ROBS SL.SKDS SL.VISS SL.VNDS SL.VOJS SL.ZAVS SX.TANN Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.08 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 5.96e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.45 Z = 11 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 60 85 15 NP2 329 75 175 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 5.96e+22 14 285 N 0.00e+00 74 78 P -5.96e+22 7 193 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -5.16e+22 Mxy -2.75e+22 Mxz 1.06e+22 Myy 4.90e+22 Myz -1.19e+22 Mzz 2.68e+21 -------------- ---------------------- ######---------------------- #########--------------------- #############--------------------- ###############--------------------- ##################----------------#### # ################-------------####### # T ##################--------########## ## ###################----############## ########################################## ######################----################ ###################--------############### ##############-------------############# ###########-----------------############ ######---------------------########### #--------------------------######### ---------------------------####### -------------------------##### -------------------------### ----- -------------- - P ---------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 2.68e+21 1.06e+22 1.19e+22 1.06e+22 -5.16e+22 2.75e+22 1.19e+22 2.75e+22 4.90e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20201228064957/index.html

Preferred Solution

      STK = 60
      DIP = 85
     RAKE = 15
       MW = 4.45
       HS = 11.0

The NDK file is 20201228064957.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others

SLU

CSEM

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2020/12/28 06:49:57:0 45.42 16.28 10.0 5.0 Croatia Stations used: BS.BLKB BW.ALFT BW.BGDS BW.BIB BW.FFB1 BW.FFB3 BW.GELB BW.GRMB BW.KW1 BW.MANZ BW.MGBB BW.MGS01 BW.MGS02 BW.MGS03 BW.MGS05 BW.PART BW.RJOB BW.RMOA BW.RNHA BW.RNON BW.ROTZ BW.RTBE BW.RTSH BW.SCE BW.TON BW.ZUGS CH.LIENZ CH.WALHA CR.ZAG GE.MATE GR.FUR GR.GEC2 GR.GEC7 GR.GRA1 GR.GRA2 GR.GRA3 GR.GRA4 GR.GRB1 GR.GRB3 GR.GRB5 GR.GRC1 GR.GRC2 GR.GRC3 GR.GRC4 GR.WET HU.ABAH HU.AMBH HU.BUD HU.CSKK HU.KOVH HU.MORH HU.MPLH HU.SOP HU.TIH MN.BLY MN.PDG OE.ABTA OE.ARSA OE.BIOA OE.CONA OE.CSNA OE.DAVA OE.FETA OE.KBA OE.LESA OE.MOA OE.MOTA OE.MYKA OE.OBKA OE.RETA OE.RONA OE.SOKA OE.SQTA OE.VIE OE.WATA OX.ACOM OX.AGOR OX.BAD OX.DRE OX.FUSE OX.MLN OX.PRED PL.OJC SJ.BBLS SL.BOJS SL.CADS SL.CEY SL.CRES SL.CRNS SL.DOBS SL.GBAS SL.GBRS SL.GCIS SL.GOLS SL.GORS SL.GROS SL.JAVS SL.LJU SL.MOZS SL.PDKS SL.PERS SL.ROBS SL.SKDS SL.VISS SL.VNDS SL.VOJS SL.ZAVS SX.TANN Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.03 n 3 lp c 0.08 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 5.96e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.45 Z = 11 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 60 85 15 NP2 329 75 175 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 5.96e+22 14 285 N 0.00e+00 74 78 P -5.96e+22 7 193 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -5.16e+22 Mxy -2.75e+22 Mxz 1.06e+22 Myy 4.90e+22 Myz -1.19e+22 Mzz 2.68e+21 -------------- ---------------------- ######---------------------- #########--------------------- #############--------------------- ###############--------------------- ##################----------------#### # ################-------------####### # T ##################--------########## ## ###################----############## ########################################## ######################----################ ###################--------############### ##############-------------############# ###########-----------------############ ######---------------------########### #--------------------------######### ---------------------------####### -------------------------##### -------------------------### ----- -------------- - P ---------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 2.68e+21 1.06e+22 1.19e+22 1.06e+22 -5.16e+22 2.75e+22 1.19e+22 2.75e+22 4.90e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20201228064957/index.html

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude

(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.08 n 3 

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0    60    85     5   4.02 0.3215
WVFGRD96    2.0    60    80    15   4.16 0.4400
WVFGRD96    3.0    60    85    20   4.22 0.4947
WVFGRD96    4.0    60    85    20   4.26 0.5344
WVFGRD96    5.0    60    85    20   4.29 0.5662
WVFGRD96    6.0    60    85    20   4.32 0.5930
WVFGRD96    7.0    60    85    15   4.35 0.6187
WVFGRD96    8.0    60    85    20   4.39 0.6426
WVFGRD96    9.0   240    90   -20   4.41 0.6522
WVFGRD96   10.0   240    90   -15   4.43 0.6591
WVFGRD96   11.0    60    85    15   4.45 0.6641
WVFGRD96   12.0    60    85    15   4.46 0.6639
WVFGRD96   13.0    60    85    15   4.48 0.6605
WVFGRD96   14.0    60    85    15   4.49 0.6544
WVFGRD96   15.0    60    85    15   4.50 0.6464
WVFGRD96   16.0    60    80    15   4.51 0.6379
WVFGRD96   17.0    60    80    15   4.52 0.6286
WVFGRD96   18.0    60    80    15   4.53 0.6184
WVFGRD96   19.0    60    80    15   4.54 0.6072
WVFGRD96   20.0    60    80    15   4.55 0.5956
WVFGRD96   21.0    60    80    15   4.56 0.5848
WVFGRD96   22.0    60    80    15   4.57 0.5731
WVFGRD96   23.0    60    80    15   4.57 0.5613
WVFGRD96   24.0    60    75    15   4.58 0.5486
WVFGRD96   25.0    60    80    15   4.58 0.5358
WVFGRD96   26.0    60    80    15   4.59 0.5230
WVFGRD96   27.0    60    80    15   4.59 0.5094
WVFGRD96   28.0    60    80    15   4.60 0.4953
WVFGRD96   29.0    60    80    15   4.60 0.4814

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   11.0    60    85    15   4.45 0.6641

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +50
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.08 n 3 

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

• The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
• The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
• The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files: