Location

2014/01/20 14:40:48 41.38 19.45 8.0 3.9 Albania

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Felt Map

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/01/20 14:40:48:0 41.38 19.45 8.0 3.9 Albania Stations used: HT.ALN HT.HORT HT.KNT HT.LIT HT.SRS HT.THE MN.BLY MN.PDG MN.VTS RO.BZS SJ.BBLS SJ.FRGS Filtering commands used: cut a -20 a 210 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.06 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.60e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.07 Z = 26 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 334 46 100 NP2 140 45 80 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.60e+22 83 324 N 0.00e+00 7 147 P -1.60e+22 0 57 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -4.58e+21 Mxy -7.43e+21 Mxz 1.51e+21 Myy -1.12e+22 Myz -1.27e+21 Mzz 1.58e+22 -------------- ########-------------- -#############-------------- -#################------------ --####################---------- P ---######################-------- ----#######################----------- -----########################----------- ------########################---------- -------############ ##########---------- --------########### T ##########---------- --------########### ###########--------- ---------########################--------- ---------########################------- -----------######################------- -----------#####################------ ------------###################----- --------------###############----- ---------------############--- ------------------#######--- ---------------------# -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 1.58e+22 1.51e+21 1.27e+21 1.51e+21 -4.58e+21 7.43e+21 1.27e+21 7.43e+21 -1.12e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.EU/20140120144048/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 140
      DIP = 45
     RAKE = 80
       MW = 4.07
       HS = 26.0

The NDK file is 20140120144048.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others

SLU

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/01/20 14:40:48:0 41.38 19.45 8.0 3.9 Albania Stations used: HT.ALN HT.HORT HT.KNT HT.LIT HT.SRS HT.THE MN.BLY MN.PDG MN.VTS RO.BZS SJ.BBLS SJ.FRGS Filtering commands used: cut a -20 a 210 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.06 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 1.60e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.07 Z = 26 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 334 46 100 NP2 140 45 80 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 1.60e+22 83 324 N 0.00e+00 7 147 P -1.60e+22 0 57 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -4.58e+21 Mxy -7.43e+21 Mxz 1.51e+21 Myy -1.12e+22 Myz -1.27e+21 Mzz 1.58e+22 -------------- ########-------------- -#############-------------- -#################------------ --####################---------- P ---######################-------- ----#######################----------- -----########################----------- ------########################---------- -------############ ##########---------- --------########### T ##########---------- --------########### ###########--------- ---------########################--------- ---------########################------- -----------######################------- -----------#####################------ ------------###################----- --------------###############----- ---------------############--- ------------------#######--- ---------------------# -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 1.58e+22 1.51e+21 1.27e+21 1.51e+21 -4.58e+21 7.43e+21 1.27e+21 7.43e+21 -1.12e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.EU/20140120144048/index.html

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut a -20 a 210
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3

The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    0.5   220    40   -90   3.59 0.2457
WVFGRD96    1.0    45    45   -90   3.63 0.2617
WVFGRD96    2.0   225    45   -90   3.72 0.3186
WVFGRD96    3.0    50    40   -95   3.79 0.3180
WVFGRD96    4.0   125    80    10   3.84 0.2990
WVFGRD96    5.0   125    75    10   3.87 0.2976
WVFGRD96    6.0   125    75    10   3.89 0.2856
WVFGRD96    7.0   125    70    10   3.89 0.2776
WVFGRD96    8.0   125    65    15   3.92 0.2749
WVFGRD96    9.0   125    55    20   3.91 0.2713
WVFGRD96   10.0   305    35    35   3.92 0.2907
WVFGRD96   11.0   265    15    30   3.93 0.3167
WVFGRD96   12.0   305    15    70   3.95 0.3480
WVFGRD96   13.0   315    20    80   3.97 0.3744
WVFGRD96   14.0   310    20    75   3.98 0.3998
WVFGRD96   15.0   310    20    75   3.99 0.4220
WVFGRD96   16.0   315    25    80   4.00 0.4412
WVFGRD96   17.0   315    25    80   4.01 0.4603
WVFGRD96   18.0   310    25    75   4.01 0.4750
WVFGRD96   19.0   310    25    75   4.02 0.4880
WVFGRD96   20.0   315    30    80   4.03 0.4990
WVFGRD96   21.0   320    30    85   4.05 0.5063
WVFGRD96   22.0   140    45    75   4.05 0.5162
WVFGRD96   23.0   140    45    75   4.06 0.5222
WVFGRD96   24.0   140    45    75   4.07 0.5262
WVFGRD96   25.0   140    45    80   4.07 0.5310
WVFGRD96   26.0   140    45    80   4.07 0.5317
WVFGRD96   27.0   140    45    80   4.08 0.5309
WVFGRD96   28.0   145    45    85   4.09 0.5307
WVFGRD96   29.0   145    45    85   4.09 0.5270

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   26.0   140    45    80   4.07 0.5317

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut a -20 a 210
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

The Future

Should the national backbone of the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) be implemented with an interstation separation of 300 km, it is very likely that an earthquake such as this would have been recorded at distances on the order of 100-200 km. This means that the closest station would have information on source depth and mechanism that was lacking here.

Acknowledgements

Dr. Harley Benz, USGS, provided the USGS USNSN digital data. The digital data used in this study were provided by Natural Resources Canada through their AUTODRM site http://www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca/nwfa/autodrm/autodrm_req_e.php, and IRIS using their BUD interface.

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint L ouis University, Universityof Memphis, Lamont Doehrty Earth Observatory, Boston College, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

DATE=Mon Jan 20 12:16:18 CST 2014

Last Changed 2014/01/20