Location

Location ANSS

2017/08/21 10:43:33 62.073 -149.546 53.5 4.3 Alaska

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2017/08/21 10:43:33:0  62.07 -149.55  53.5 4.3 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.CAST AK.CUT AK.DHY AK.DIV AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HIN AK.KLU 
   AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCK AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM 
   AK.SSN AK.TRF AT.PMR TA.M20K TA.M22K TA.O22K 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.5 -30 o DIST/3.5 +40
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 4.52e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.37 
  Z  = 64 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      215    50   -75
   NP2       12    42   -107
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   4.52e+22      4     294
    N   0.00e+00     11      25
    P  -4.52e+22     78     186

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     5.72e+21
       Mxy    -1.71e+22
       Mxz     1.05e+22
       Myy     3.73e+22
       Myz    -1.90e+21
       Mzz    -4.30e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     #############-                  
                 ##################----              
              ##################-----#####           
             ###############----------#####          
           ###############-------------######        
           #############---------------#######       
         T ###########------------------#######      
           #########--------------------########     
        ###########---------------------########     
       ###########----------------------#########    
       ##########-----------------------#########    
       #########----------   -----------#########    
       #########---------- P -----------#########    
        #######-----------   ----------#########     
        #######-----------------------##########     
         ######-----------------------#########      
          #####----------------------#########       
           ####--------------------##########        
             ##-------------------#########          
              ##----------------##########           
                 -------------#########              
                     -----#########                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -4.30e+22   1.05e+22   1.90e+21 
  1.05e+22   5.72e+21   1.71e+22 
  1.90e+21   1.71e+22   3.73e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20170821104333/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 215
      DIP = 50
     RAKE = -75
       MW = 4.37
       HS = 64.0

The NDK file is 20170821104333.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2017/08/21 10:43:33:0  62.07 -149.55  53.5 4.3 Alaska
 
 Stations used:
   AK.CAST AK.CUT AK.DHY AK.DIV AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HIN AK.KLU 
   AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCK AK.PWL AK.RC01 AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM 
   AK.SSN AK.TRF AT.PMR TA.M20K TA.M22K TA.O22K 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut o DIST/3.5 -30 o DIST/3.5 +40
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.03 n 3 
   lp c 0.10 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 4.52e+22 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.37 
  Z  = 64 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      215    50   -75
   NP2       12    42   -107
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   4.52e+22      4     294
    N   0.00e+00     11      25
    P  -4.52e+22     78     186

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     5.72e+21
       Mxy    -1.71e+22
       Mxz     1.05e+22
       Myy     3.73e+22
       Myz    -1.90e+21
       Mzz    -4.30e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     #############-                  
                 ##################----              
              ##################-----#####           
             ###############----------#####          
           ###############-------------######        
           #############---------------#######       
         T ###########------------------#######      
           #########--------------------########     
        ###########---------------------########     
       ###########----------------------#########    
       ##########-----------------------#########    
       #########----------   -----------#########    
       #########---------- P -----------#########    
        #######-----------   ----------#########     
        #######-----------------------##########     
         ######-----------------------#########      
          #####----------------------#########       
           ####--------------------##########        
             ##-------------------#########          
              ##----------------##########           
                 -------------#########              
                     -----#########                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -4.30e+22   1.05e+22   1.90e+21 
  1.05e+22   5.72e+21   1.71e+22 
  1.90e+21   1.71e+22   3.73e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20170821104333/index.html
	

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion using wvfgrd96

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.5 -30 o DIST/3.5 +40
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    2.0   215    45    95   3.60 0.3016
WVFGRD96    4.0   345    25    15   3.62 0.2661
WVFGRD96    6.0    20    90   -75   3.65 0.3333
WVFGRD96    8.0   355    25    40   3.74 0.3635
WVFGRD96   10.0   205    70    85   3.78 0.3820
WVFGRD96   12.0   205    65    90   3.81 0.3821
WVFGRD96   14.0     5    30    65   3.83 0.3724
WVFGRD96   16.0   340    25    50   3.85 0.3581
WVFGRD96   18.0   335    25    45   3.87 0.3468
WVFGRD96   20.0   330    25    40   3.89 0.3350
WVFGRD96   22.0    60    70   -50   3.92 0.3289
WVFGRD96   24.0    60    70   -50   3.94 0.3261
WVFGRD96   26.0    80    75    35   3.97 0.3313
WVFGRD96   28.0    80    75    35   3.99 0.3331
WVFGRD96   30.0    75    80    35   4.00 0.3320
WVFGRD96   32.0    80    70    30   4.01 0.3251
WVFGRD96   34.0    55    55   -55   4.03 0.3646
WVFGRD96   36.0   205    45   -95   4.07 0.4240
WVFGRD96   38.0    30    45   -90   4.11 0.4904
WVFGRD96   40.0    25    50   -95   4.22 0.5789
WVFGRD96   42.0    25    50   -95   4.25 0.5972
WVFGRD96   44.0    20    50  -100   4.28 0.6134
WVFGRD96   46.0    25    45   -95   4.29 0.6304
WVFGRD96   48.0   215    45   -80   4.31 0.6508
WVFGRD96   50.0   215    45   -80   4.32 0.6695
WVFGRD96   52.0   215    45   -80   4.33 0.6844
WVFGRD96   54.0   220    50   -70   4.35 0.6977
WVFGRD96   56.0   220    50   -70   4.36 0.7105
WVFGRD96   58.0   220    50   -70   4.36 0.7207
WVFGRD96   60.0   215    50   -75   4.36 0.7274
WVFGRD96   62.0   215    50   -75   4.37 0.7314
WVFGRD96   64.0   215    50   -75   4.37 0.7319
WVFGRD96   66.0   215    50   -75   4.37 0.7313
WVFGRD96   68.0   220    55   -70   4.38 0.7307
WVFGRD96   70.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.7296
WVFGRD96   72.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.7249
WVFGRD96   74.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.7213
WVFGRD96   76.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.7172
WVFGRD96   78.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.7101
WVFGRD96   80.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.7037
WVFGRD96   82.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.6953
WVFGRD96   84.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.6872
WVFGRD96   86.0   215    55   -75   4.38 0.6789
WVFGRD96   88.0   215    55   -70   4.39 0.6710
WVFGRD96   90.0   215    55   -70   4.39 0.6632
WVFGRD96   92.0   215    55   -70   4.39 0.6538
WVFGRD96   94.0   215    60   -75   4.39 0.6472
WVFGRD96   96.0   215    60   -75   4.39 0.6410
WVFGRD96   98.0   215    60   -75   4.39 0.6355

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   64.0   215    50   -75   4.37 0.7319

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.5 -30 o DIST/3.5 +40
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.03 n 3 
lp c 0.10 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS.model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Mon Aug 21 06:33:38 CDT 2017