Location
2015/03/04 03:39:05 60.936 -145.819 19.5 4.0 Alaska
Arrival Times (from USGS)
Arrival time list
Felt Map
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS Felt reports main page
Focal Mechanism
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2015/03/04 03:39:05:0 60.94 -145.82 19.5 4.0 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BPAW AK.CCB AK.FID AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HDA AK.HIN AK.HMT
AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCAR AK.MDM AK.RAG AK.RND AK.SAW
AK.SCM AK.SSN AK.TGL AK.TRF AK.WRH AT.PMR IM.IL31 IU.COLA
TA.K27K TA.N25K TA.POKR
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.30e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.01
Z = 28 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 139 81 -155
NP2 45 65 -10
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.30e+22 11 270
N 0.00e+00 63 158
P -1.30e+22 24 5
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.08e+22
Mxy -8.67e+20
Mxz -4.86e+21
Myy 1.25e+22
Myz -2.81e+21
Mzz -1.73e+21
--------------
----------- --------
-------------- P -----------
##------------- ------------
#####--------------------------###
#######-------------------------####
##########----------------------######
############--------------------########
#############-------------------########
################---------------###########
# #############-------------############
# T ###############----------#############
# ################-------###############
#####################---################
######################-#################
###################-----##############
################---------###########
###########---------------########
#####---------------------####
----------------------------
----------------------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-1.73e+21 -4.86e+21 2.81e+21
-4.86e+21 -1.08e+22 8.67e+20
2.81e+21 8.67e+20 1.25e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150304033905/index.html
|
Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is
STK = 45
DIP = 65
RAKE = -10
MW = 4.01
HS = 28.0
The NDK file is 20150304033905.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to others
| SLU |
USGSMT |
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2015/03/04 03:39:05:0 60.94 -145.82 19.5 4.0 Alaska
Stations used:
AK.BPAW AK.CCB AK.FID AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HDA AK.HIN AK.HMT
AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.MCAR AK.MDM AK.RAG AK.RND AK.SAW
AK.SCM AK.SSN AK.TGL AK.TRF AK.WRH AT.PMR IM.IL31 IU.COLA
TA.K27K TA.N25K TA.POKR
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 1.30e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.01
Z = 28 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 139 81 -155
NP2 45 65 -10
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.30e+22 11 270
N 0.00e+00 63 158
P -1.30e+22 24 5
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.08e+22
Mxy -8.67e+20
Mxz -4.86e+21
Myy 1.25e+22
Myz -2.81e+21
Mzz -1.73e+21
--------------
----------- --------
-------------- P -----------
##------------- ------------
#####--------------------------###
#######-------------------------####
##########----------------------######
############--------------------########
#############-------------------########
################---------------###########
# #############-------------############
# T ###############----------#############
# ################-------###############
#####################---################
######################-#################
###################-----##############
################---------###########
###########---------------########
#####---------------------####
----------------------------
----------------------
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-1.73e+21 -4.86e+21 2.81e+21
-4.86e+21 -1.08e+22 8.67e+20
2.81e+21 8.67e+20 1.25e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20150304033905/index.html
|
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)
Moment 1.645e+15 N-m
Magnitude 4.08
Depth 33.0 km
Percent DC 91%
Half Duration –
Catalog AK (ak11521877)
Data Source US3
Contributor US3
Nodal Planes
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 141 83 -160
NP2 48 70 -8
Principal Axes
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 1.607 9 273
N 0.072 69 160
P -1.679 19 6
|
Magnitudes
mLg Magnitude
(a) mLg computed using the IASPEI formula; (b) mLg residuals ; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated.
ML Magnitude
(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.
Context
The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).
Waveform Inversion
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the
and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 1.0 50 90 0 3.47 0.2864
WVFGRD96 2.0 50 85 10 3.59 0.3829
WVFGRD96 3.0 50 90 0 3.64 0.4231
WVFGRD96 4.0 50 85 0 3.68 0.4494
WVFGRD96 5.0 45 75 -10 3.71 0.4727
WVFGRD96 6.0 45 80 -15 3.74 0.4962
WVFGRD96 7.0 45 80 -15 3.77 0.5200
WVFGRD96 8.0 45 75 -20 3.81 0.5427
WVFGRD96 9.0 45 75 -10 3.82 0.5536
WVFGRD96 10.0 45 70 -10 3.84 0.5672
WVFGRD96 11.0 45 70 -10 3.85 0.5790
WVFGRD96 12.0 45 70 -20 3.87 0.5980
WVFGRD96 13.0 45 70 -20 3.88 0.6092
WVFGRD96 14.0 45 70 -20 3.89 0.6184
WVFGRD96 15.0 45 70 -15 3.90 0.6274
WVFGRD96 16.0 45 65 -15 3.91 0.6352
WVFGRD96 17.0 45 65 -15 3.92 0.6437
WVFGRD96 18.0 45 65 -15 3.93 0.6512
WVFGRD96 19.0 45 65 -15 3.94 0.6579
WVFGRD96 20.0 45 65 -15 3.95 0.6637
WVFGRD96 21.0 45 65 -10 3.96 0.6683
WVFGRD96 22.0 45 65 -10 3.97 0.6721
WVFGRD96 23.0 45 65 -10 3.97 0.6752
WVFGRD96 24.0 45 65 -10 3.98 0.6772
WVFGRD96 25.0 45 65 -10 3.99 0.6781
WVFGRD96 26.0 45 65 -10 4.00 0.6787
WVFGRD96 27.0 45 65 -10 4.00 0.6794
WVFGRD96 28.0 45 65 -10 4.01 0.6796
WVFGRD96 29.0 45 65 -10 4.02 0.6784
WVFGRD96 30.0 45 65 -10 4.03 0.6762
WVFGRD96 31.0 45 65 -10 4.03 0.6734
WVFGRD96 32.0 45 65 -10 4.04 0.6696
WVFGRD96 33.0 45 65 -10 4.05 0.6650
WVFGRD96 34.0 45 65 -10 4.06 0.6592
WVFGRD96 35.0 45 70 -10 4.07 0.6548
WVFGRD96 36.0 45 70 -10 4.07 0.6505
WVFGRD96 37.0 45 70 -10 4.08 0.6452
WVFGRD96 38.0 45 70 -10 4.09 0.6395
WVFGRD96 39.0 45 70 -5 4.11 0.6338
WVFGRD96 40.0 45 65 -10 4.15 0.6301
WVFGRD96 41.0 45 65 -10 4.16 0.6311
WVFGRD96 42.0 45 65 -10 4.17 0.6307
WVFGRD96 43.0 45 65 -10 4.17 0.6293
WVFGRD96 44.0 45 65 -10 4.18 0.6274
WVFGRD96 45.0 45 65 -10 4.19 0.6256
WVFGRD96 46.0 45 65 -10 4.19 0.6230
WVFGRD96 47.0 45 70 -10 4.20 0.6208
WVFGRD96 48.0 45 70 -10 4.21 0.6185
WVFGRD96 49.0 45 70 -10 4.21 0.6164
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 28.0 45 65 -10 4.01 0.6796
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
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Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
|
|
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
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A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Discussion
Acknowledgements
Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.
Velocity Model
The WUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Quality Control
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
Last Changed Mon Dec 7 00:01:15 CST 2015
