Location

2014/10/18 05:32:05 60.138 -150.971 61.2 4.3 Alaska

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Felt Map

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/10/18 05:32:05:0 60.14 -150.97 61.2 4.3 Alaska Stations used: AK.CNP AK.CRQ AK.DHY AK.EYAK AK.FID AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HIN AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.PPLA AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM AK.SKN AK.SSN AK.SWD AK.TGL AK.VRDI AT.OHAK AT.PMR AT.SVW2 II.KDAK TA.M24K TA.Q23K Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +60 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 6.38e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.47 Z = 66 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 145 90 -145 NP2 55 55 0 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 6.38e+22 24 274 N 0.00e+00 55 145 P -6.38e+22 24 16 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -4.91e+22 Mxy -1.79e+22 Mxz -2.10e+22 Myy 4.91e+22 Myz -3.00e+22 Mzz 0.00e+00 -------------- -------------- ----- ###-------------- P -------- #####------------- --------- #########------------------------- ###########------------------------# #############-----------------------## ###############---------------------#### #################------------------##### #### ############----------------####### #### T #############--------------######## #### ###############-----------######### #######################--------########### #######################-----############ #########################-############## ######################---############# ##################-------########### ############-------------######### -------------------------##### -------------------------### ---------------------- -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 0.00e+00 -2.10e+22 3.00e+22 -2.10e+22 -4.91e+22 1.79e+22 3.00e+22 1.79e+22 4.91e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20141018053205/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 55
      DIP = 55
     RAKE = 0
       MW = 4.47
       HS = 66.0

The NDK file is 20141018053205.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others

SLU

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/10/18 05:32:05:0 60.14 -150.97 61.2 4.3 Alaska Stations used: AK.CNP AK.CRQ AK.DHY AK.EYAK AK.FID AK.GHO AK.GLI AK.HIN AK.KLU AK.KNK AK.KTH AK.PPLA AK.RND AK.SAW AK.SCM AK.SKN AK.SSN AK.SWD AK.TGL AK.VRDI AT.OHAK AT.PMR AT.SVW2 II.KDAK TA.M24K TA.Q23K Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +60 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.02 n 3 lp c 0.07 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 6.38e+22 dyne-cm Mw = 4.47 Z = 66 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 145 90 -145 NP2 55 55 0 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 6.38e+22 24 274 N 0.00e+00 55 145 P -6.38e+22 24 16 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx -4.91e+22 Mxy -1.79e+22 Mxz -2.10e+22 Myy 4.91e+22 Myz -3.00e+22 Mzz 0.00e+00 -------------- -------------- ----- ###-------------- P -------- #####------------- --------- #########------------------------- ###########------------------------# #############-----------------------## ###############---------------------#### #################------------------##### #### ############----------------####### #### T #############--------------######## #### ###############-----------######### #######################--------########### #######################-----############ #########################-############## ######################---############# ##################-------########### ############-------------######### -------------------------##### -------------------------### ---------------------- -------------- Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 0.00e+00 -2.10e+22 3.00e+22 -2.10e+22 -4.91e+22 1.79e+22 3.00e+22 1.79e+22 4.91e+22 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20141018053205/index.html

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude

(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3

The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    2.0    80    40    85   3.66 0.1756
WVFGRD96    4.0   265    35    90   3.73 0.1545
WVFGRD96    6.0   210    60   -30   3.68 0.1711
WVFGRD96    8.0   210    60   -35   3.75 0.1849
WVFGRD96   10.0   215    70   -40   3.79 0.1998
WVFGRD96   12.0    50    90   -50   3.85 0.2203
WVFGRD96   14.0    50    90   -50   3.88 0.2391
WVFGRD96   16.0    50    90   -50   3.91 0.2548
WVFGRD96   18.0   230    85    50   3.93 0.2674
WVFGRD96   20.0   235    85    50   3.96 0.2782
WVFGRD96   22.0    50    90   -50   3.99 0.2854
WVFGRD96   24.0   235    85    55   4.01 0.2911
WVFGRD96   26.0   235    85    55   4.03 0.2929
WVFGRD96   28.0   235    90    50   4.05 0.2928
WVFGRD96   30.0    65    80   -50   4.07 0.2964
WVFGRD96   32.0    65    80   -50   4.09 0.3014
WVFGRD96   34.0    60    70   -40   4.12 0.3058
WVFGRD96   36.0    60    70   -40   4.14 0.3150
WVFGRD96   38.0    60    70   -30   4.18 0.3289
WVFGRD96   40.0    55    65   -35   4.28 0.3310
WVFGRD96   42.0    55    65   -35   4.31 0.3506
WVFGRD96   44.0    55    60   -25   4.33 0.3716
WVFGRD96   46.0    55    60   -25   4.35 0.3930
WVFGRD96   48.0    55    60   -20   4.37 0.4144
WVFGRD96   50.0    55    60   -20   4.40 0.4340
WVFGRD96   52.0    55    60   -15   4.41 0.4534
WVFGRD96   54.0    55    60   -15   4.43 0.4701
WVFGRD96   56.0    55    55   -10   4.43 0.4855
WVFGRD96   58.0    55    55    -5   4.44 0.4977
WVFGRD96   60.0    55    55    -5   4.45 0.5086
WVFGRD96   62.0    55    55    -5   4.46 0.5153
WVFGRD96   64.0    55    55     0   4.46 0.5190
WVFGRD96   66.0    55    55     0   4.47 0.5213
WVFGRD96   68.0    55    55     0   4.47 0.5209
WVFGRD96   70.0    55    55     5   4.47 0.5183
WVFGRD96   72.0    55    55     5   4.47 0.5148
WVFGRD96   74.0    55    55     5   4.48 0.5098
WVFGRD96   76.0    55    55     5   4.48 0.5030
WVFGRD96   78.0    55    55    10   4.47 0.4968
WVFGRD96   80.0    55    55    10   4.47 0.4892
WVFGRD96   82.0    55    55    10   4.47 0.4813
WVFGRD96   84.0    55    55    15   4.47 0.4733
WVFGRD96   86.0    55    55    15   4.47 0.4661
WVFGRD96   88.0    55    55    15   4.47 0.4583
WVFGRD96   90.0    55    60    20   4.47 0.4504
WVFGRD96   92.0    55    60    25   4.47 0.4439
WVFGRD96   94.0    55    60    25   4.47 0.4383
WVFGRD96   96.0    55    60    25   4.46 0.4331
WVFGRD96   98.0    55    60    25   4.46 0.4270

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   66.0    55    55     0   4.47 0.5213

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -40 o DIST/3.3 +60
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.07 n 3

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Mon Dec 7 00:16:33 CST 2015