Location

2014/05/22 01:47:16 37.530 -78.070 9.9 3.2 Virginia

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Felt Map

Focal Mechanism

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/05/22 01:47:16:0 37.53 -78.07 9.9 3.2 Virginia Stations used: TA.R58B TA.S57A TA.T57A TA.T59A US.CBN Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +20 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.10 n 3 lp c 0.25 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 6.03e+20 dyne-cm Mw = 3.12 Z = 16 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 199 52 117 NP2 340 45 60 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 6.03e+20 69 171 N 0.00e+00 21 2 P -6.03e+20 4 271 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 7.59e+19 Mxy -4.52e+18 Mxz -2.00e+20 Myy -5.98e+20 Myz 7.29e+19 Mzz 5.22e+20 -############- ----------###--------- -------------###------------ ------------#######----------- -------------##########----------- -------------############----------- ------------###############----------- ------------#################----------- ------------##################---------- ----------####################---------- P ---------#####################---------- ---------######################--------- -----------######### ##########--------- ---------########## T ##########-------- ---------########## ##########-------- --------#######################------- -------#######################------ -------#####################------ -----#####################---- -----###################---- ---#################-- ############## Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 5.22e+20 -2.00e+20 -7.29e+19 -2.00e+20 7.59e+19 4.52e+18 -7.29e+19 4.52e+18 -5.98e+20 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140522014716/index.html

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 340
      DIP = 45
     RAKE = 60
       MW = 3.12
       HS = 16.0

The NDK file is 20140522014716.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others

SLU

USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution ENS 2014/05/22 01:47:16:0 37.53 -78.07 9.9 3.2 Virginia Stations used: TA.R58B TA.S57A TA.T57A TA.T59A US.CBN Filtering commands used: cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +20 rtr taper w 0.1 hp c 0.10 n 3 lp c 0.25 n 3 Best Fitting Double Couple Mo = 6.03e+20 dyne-cm Mw = 3.12 Z = 16 km Plane Strike Dip Rake NP1 199 52 117 NP2 340 45 60 Principal Axes: Axis Value Plunge Azimuth T 6.03e+20 69 171 N 0.00e+00 21 2 P -6.03e+20 4 271 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm) Component Value Mxx 7.59e+19 Mxy -4.52e+18 Mxz -2.00e+20 Myy -5.98e+20 Myz 7.29e+19 Mzz 5.22e+20 -############- ----------###--------- -------------###------------ ------------#######----------- -------------##########----------- -------------############----------- ------------###############----------- ------------#################----------- ------------##################---------- ----------####################---------- P ---------#####################---------- ---------######################--------- -----------######### ##########--------- ---------########## T ##########-------- ---------########## ##########-------- --------#######################------- -------#######################------ -------#####################------ -----#####################---- -----###################---- ---#################-- ############## Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor: R T P 5.22e+20 -2.00e+20 -7.29e+19 -2.00e+20 7.59e+19 4.52e+18 -7.29e+19 4.52e+18 -5.98e+20 Details of the solution is found at http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140522014716/index.html

Magnitudes

mLg Magnitude

(a) mLg computed using the IASPEI formula; (b) mLg residuals ; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated.

ML Magnitude

(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.

Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +20
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.10 n 3 
lp c 0.25 n 3

The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   240    65   -50   2.27 0.1214
WVFGRD96    2.0   235    60   -60   2.48 0.1417
WVFGRD96    3.0   160    10    80   2.53 0.1788
WVFGRD96    4.0   355    80    90   2.60 0.2284
WVFGRD96    5.0   180    15    95   2.65 0.2615
WVFGRD96    6.0   165    20    80   2.69 0.2804
WVFGRD96    7.0   160    25    75   2.74 0.2943
WVFGRD96    8.0   355    55    90   2.85 0.3013
WVFGRD96    9.0   355    55    90   2.90 0.3182
WVFGRD96   10.0   355    50    85   2.95 0.3295
WVFGRD96   11.0    -5    45    85   3.00 0.3378
WVFGRD96   12.0   175    50    90   3.04 0.3594
WVFGRD96   13.0   355    40    85   3.08 0.3723
WVFGRD96   14.0   355    35    85   3.11 0.3725
WVFGRD96   15.0   340    45    60   3.11 0.3804
WVFGRD96   16.0   340    45    60   3.12 0.3826
WVFGRD96   17.0   340    45    55   3.13 0.3735
WVFGRD96   18.0   340    45    55   3.14 0.3544
WVFGRD96   19.0   340    45    55   3.14 0.3273
WVFGRD96   20.0   155    55    60   3.13 0.3268
WVFGRD96   21.0   -10    35    70   3.17 0.3291
WVFGRD96   22.0   355    35    80   3.17 0.3468

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   16.0   340    45    60   3.12 0.3826

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is

Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut o DIST/3.3 -20 o DIST/3.3 +20
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.10 n 3 
lp c 0.25 n 3

Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.

Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion (assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the P arrival time)

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Velocity Model

The WUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Mon Dec 7 00:11:56 CST 2015