Location

2014/04/13 00:04:41 44.644 -114.251 5.0 4.9 Idaho

Arrival Times (from USGS)

Arrival time list

Felt Map

USGS Felt map for this earthquake

USGS Felt reports main page

Focal Mechanism

 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2014/04/13 00:04:41:0  44.64 -114.25   5.0 4.9 Idaho
 
 Stations used:
   IM.PD31 IW.DLMT IW.FLWY IW.FXWY IW.IMW IW.MFID IW.REDW 
   IW.SNOW IW.TPAW MB.JTMT TA.H17A UO.PINE US.AHID US.BMO 
   US.BW06 US.DUG US.ELK US.HWUT US.LKWY US.MSO US.NEW US.RLMT 
   US.WVOR UU.BGU UU.CTU UU.HVU UU.JLU UU.SPU UU.TCU UW.BRAN 
   UW.DAVN UW.IRON UW.IZEE UW.KENT UW.LTY UW.PHIN UW.TREE 
   UW.TUCA 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut a -30 a 180
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.05 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 1.68e+23 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.75 
  Z  = 13 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      170    85   -30
   NP2      263    60   -174
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   1.68e+23     17     220
    N   0.00e+00     60     341
    P  -1.68e+23     24     122

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     5.00e+22
       Mxy     1.39e+23
       Mxz    -1.88e+21
       Myy    -3.54e+22
       Myz    -8.36e+22
       Mzz    -1.46e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ---###########                  
                 -------###############              
              -----------#################           
             ------------##################          
           --------------####################        
          ---------------#####################       
         ----------------######################      
        --------------####---------------#######     
        ---------#########--------------------##     
       ------#############----------------------#    
       ----################----------------------    
       --##################----------------------    
       ####################----------------------    
        ####################--------------------     
        ####################------------   -----     
         ###################------------ P ----      
          ###################-----------   ---       
           ####   ###########----------------        
             ## T ############-------------          
              #   ############------------           
                 ##############--------              
                     ##########----                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -1.46e+22  -1.88e+21   8.36e+22 
 -1.88e+21   5.00e+22  -1.39e+23 
  8.36e+22  -1.39e+23  -3.54e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140413000441/index.html
        

Preferred Solution

The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is

      STK = 170
      DIP = 85
     RAKE = -30
       MW = 4.75
       HS = 13.0

The NDK file is 20140413000441.ndk The waveform inversion is preferred.

Moment Tensor Comparison

The following compares this source inversion to others
SLU
USGSMT
 USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
 ENS  2014/04/13 00:04:41:0  44.64 -114.25   5.0 4.9 Idaho
 
 Stations used:
   IM.PD31 IW.DLMT IW.FLWY IW.FXWY IW.IMW IW.MFID IW.REDW 
   IW.SNOW IW.TPAW MB.JTMT TA.H17A UO.PINE US.AHID US.BMO 
   US.BW06 US.DUG US.ELK US.HWUT US.LKWY US.MSO US.NEW US.RLMT 
   US.WVOR UU.BGU UU.CTU UU.HVU UU.JLU UU.SPU UU.TCU UW.BRAN 
   UW.DAVN UW.IRON UW.IZEE UW.KENT UW.LTY UW.PHIN UW.TREE 
   UW.TUCA 
 
 Filtering commands used:
   cut a -30 a 180
   rtr
   taper w 0.1
   hp c 0.02 n 3 
   lp c 0.05 n 3 
 
 Best Fitting Double Couple
  Mo = 1.68e+23 dyne-cm
  Mw = 4.75 
  Z  = 13 km
  Plane   Strike  Dip  Rake
   NP1      170    85   -30
   NP2      263    60   -174
  Principal Axes:
   Axis    Value   Plunge  Azimuth
    T   1.68e+23     17     220
    N   0.00e+00     60     341
    P  -1.68e+23     24     122

 Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
    Component   Value
       Mxx     5.00e+22
       Mxy     1.39e+23
       Mxz    -1.88e+21
       Myy    -3.54e+22
       Myz    -8.36e+22
       Mzz    -1.46e+22
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                     ---###########                  
                 -------###############              
              -----------#################           
             ------------##################          
           --------------####################        
          ---------------#####################       
         ----------------######################      
        --------------####---------------#######     
        ---------#########--------------------##     
       ------#############----------------------#    
       ----################----------------------    
       --##################----------------------    
       ####################----------------------    
        ####################--------------------     
        ####################------------   -----     
         ###################------------ P ----      
          ###################-----------   ---       
           ####   ###########----------------        
             ## T ############-------------          
              #   ############------------           
                 ##############--------              
                     ##########----                  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
 Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
      R          T          P
 -1.46e+22  -1.88e+21   8.36e+22 
 -1.88e+21   5.00e+22  -1.39e+23 
  8.36e+22  -1.39e+23  -3.54e+22 


Details of the solution is found at

http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/20140413000441/index.html
	
Regional Moment Tensor (Mwr)

Moment magnitude derived from a moment tensor 
inversion of complete waveforms at regional distances 
(less than ~8 degrees), generally used for the analysis 
of small to moderate size earthquakes (typically Mw 
3.5-6.0) crust or upper mantle earthquakes.

Moment
    1.84e+16 N-m
Magnitude
    4.8
Percent DC
    99%
Depth
    15.0 km
Updated
    2014-04-13 04:07:22 UTC
Author
    us
Catalog
    us
Contributor
    us
Code
    us_c000pi6d_mwr

Principal Axes
Axis	Value	Plunge	Azimuth
T	1.842	12	218
N	0.006	60	330
P	-1.848	27	122
Nodal Planes
Plane	Strike	Dip	Rake
NP1	167	80	-28
NP2	263	62	-169

        

Magnitudes

ML Magnitude


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Horizontal components; (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.


(a) ML computed using the IASPEI formula for Vertical components (research); (b) ML residuals computed using a modified IASPEI formula that accounts for path specific attenuation; the values used for the trimmed mean are indicated. The ML relation used for each figure is given at the bottom of each plot.

Context

The next figure presents the focal mechanism for this earthquake (red) in the context of other events (blue) in the SLU Moment Tensor Catalog which are within ± 0.5 degrees of the new event. This comparison is shown in the left panel of the figure. The right panel shows the inferred direction of maximum compressive stress and the type of faulting (green is strike-slip, red is normal, blue is thrust; oblique is shown by a combination of colors).

Waveform Inversion

The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion

The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.

The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:

cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3 
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:

           DEPTH  STK   DIP  RAKE   MW    FIT
WVFGRD96    1.0   170    75   -20   4.50 0.3979
WVFGRD96    2.0   170    75   -20   4.56 0.4556
WVFGRD96    3.0   170    80   -20   4.59 0.4780
WVFGRD96    4.0   350    90    15   4.61 0.4894
WVFGRD96    5.0   170    90   -20   4.63 0.4973
WVFGRD96    6.0   170    85   -25   4.66 0.5045
WVFGRD96    7.0   170    80   -30   4.67 0.5152
WVFGRD96    8.0   165    75   -40   4.73 0.5310
WVFGRD96    9.0   165    75   -35   4.73 0.5381
WVFGRD96   10.0   165    75   -35   4.74 0.5435
WVFGRD96   11.0   170    80   -30   4.73 0.5467
WVFGRD96   12.0   170    85   -30   4.74 0.5497
WVFGRD96   13.0   170    85   -30   4.75 0.5506
WVFGRD96   14.0   170    85   -30   4.76 0.5495
WVFGRD96   15.0   350    90    25   4.77 0.5471
WVFGRD96   16.0   170    85   -25   4.77 0.5452
WVFGRD96   17.0   350    90    25   4.78 0.5414
WVFGRD96   18.0   170    90   -25   4.78 0.5368
WVFGRD96   19.0   350    90    25   4.79 0.5313
WVFGRD96   20.0   170    90   -25   4.80 0.5250
WVFGRD96   21.0   350    90    25   4.80 0.5187
WVFGRD96   22.0   350    90    20   4.81 0.5119
WVFGRD96   23.0   350    90    20   4.82 0.5052
WVFGRD96   24.0   170    85   -20   4.82 0.4990
WVFGRD96   25.0   350    90    20   4.83 0.4923
WVFGRD96   26.0   350    90    20   4.84 0.4856
WVFGRD96   27.0   170    85   -20   4.84 0.4790
WVFGRD96   28.0   350    90    20   4.85 0.4712
WVFGRD96   29.0   170    85   -20   4.85 0.4642

The best solution is

WVFGRD96   13.0   170    85   -30   4.75 0.5506

The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism

The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:

Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism

The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).

The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was

cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.05 n 3 
Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.

A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:

Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:

 Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth

The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:

The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.

Surface-Wave Focal Mechanism

The following figure shows the stations used in the grid search for the best focal mechanism to fit the surface-wave spectral amplitudes of the Love and Rayleigh waves.
Location of broadband stations used to obtain focal mechanism from surface-wave spectral amplitudes

The surface-wave determined focal mechanism is shown here.


  NODAL PLANES 

  
  STK=     166.24
  DIP=      77.75
 RAKE=     -35.93
  
             OR
  
  STK=     264.98
  DIP=      55.01
 RAKE=    -164.99
 
 
DEPTH = 9.0 km
 
Mw = 4.83
Best Fit 0.8825 - P-T axis plot gives solutions with FIT greater than FIT90

First motion data

The P-wave first motion data for focal mechanism studies are as follow:

Sta Az    Dist   First motion

Surface-wave analysis

Surface wave analysis was performed using codes from Computer Programs in Seismology, specifically the multiple filter analysis program do_mft and the surface-wave radiation pattern search program srfgrd96.

Data preparation

Digital data were collected, instrument response removed and traces converted to Z, R an T components. Multiple filter analysis was applied to the Z and T traces to obtain the Rayleigh- and Love-wave spectral amplitudes, respectively. These were input to the search program which examined all depths between 1 and 25 km and all possible mechanisms.
Best mechanism fit as a function of depth. The preferred depth is given above. Lower hemisphere projection

Pressure-tension axis trends. Since the surface-wave spectra search does not distinguish between P and T axes and since there is a 180 ambiguity in strike, all possible P and T axes are plotted. First motion data and waveforms will be used to select the preferred mechanism. The purpose of this plot is to provide an idea of the possible range of solutions. The P and T-axes for all mechanisms with goodness of fit greater than 0.9 FITMAX (above) are plotted here.


Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to the Love and Rayleigh wave radiation patterns. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. Because of the symmetry of the spectral amplitude rediation patterns, only strikes from 0-180 degrees are sampled.

Love-wave radiation patterns

Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns

Broadband station distribution

The distribution of broadband stations with azimuth and distance is
Listing of broadband stations used

Waveform comparison for this mechanism

Since the analysis of the surface-wave radiation patterns uses only spectral amplitudes and because the surfave-wave radiation patterns have a 180 degree symmetry, each surface-wave solution consists of four possible focal mechanisms corresponding to the interchange of the P- and T-axes and a roation of the mechanism by 180 degrees. To select one mechanism, P-wave first motion can be used. This was not possible in this case because all the P-wave first motions were emergent ( a feature of the P-wave wave takeoff angle, the station location and the mechanism). The other way to select among the mechanisms is to compute forward synthetics and compare the observed and predicted waveforms.

The fits to the waveforms with the given mechanism are show below:

This figure shows the fit to the three components of motion (Z - vertical, R-radial and T - transverse). For each station and component, the observed traces is shown in red and the model predicted trace in blue. The traces represent filtered ground velocity in units of meters/sec (the peak value is printed adjacent to each trace; each pair of traces to plotted to the same scale to emphasize the difference in levels). Both synthetic and observed traces have been filtered using the SAC commands:

cut a -30 a 180
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3 
lp c 0.06 n 3 

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Nevada Reno, University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint Louis University, University of Memphis, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.

Appendix A


Spectra fit plots to each station

Velocity Model

The WUS model used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:

MODEL.01
Model after     8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
      H(KM)   VP(KM/S)   VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC)         QP         QS       ETAP       ETAS      FREFP      FREFS
     1.9000     3.4065     2.0089     2.2150  0.302E-02  0.679E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     6.1000     5.5445     3.2953     2.6089  0.349E-02  0.784E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    13.0000     6.2708     3.7396     2.7812  0.212E-02  0.476E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
    19.0000     6.4075     3.7680     2.8223  0.111E-02  0.249E-02   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    
     0.0000     7.9000     4.6200     3.2760  0.164E-10  0.370E-10   0.00       0.00       1.00       1.00    

Quality Control

Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets

The following stations did not have a valid response files:

Last Changed Mon Dec 7 00:11:13 CST 2015