Location
2014/12/28 21:43:38 39.292 16.358 11.1 4.4 Italy
Arrival Times (from USGS)
Arrival time list
Felt Map
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS Felt reports page for
Focal Mechanism
SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/12/28 21:43:38:0 39.29 16.36 11.1 4.4 Italy
Stations used:
IV.CMPR IV.JOPP IV.MCEL IV.MCRV IV.MGR IV.MRLC IV.PALZ
IV.SALB IV.SERS MN.TIP
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 3.55e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.30
Z = 15 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 220 55 -45
NP2 340 55 -135
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 3.55e+22 0 280
N 0.00e+00 35 10
P -3.55e+22 55 190
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.05e+22
Mxy -8.04e+21
Mxz 1.65e+22
Myy 3.41e+22
Myz 2.68e+21
Mzz -2.36e+22
--------------
########--------------
##############---------#####
#################--###########
#################---##############
################-------#############
###############----------#############
##############-------------#############
###########----------------############
T ##########-----------------#############
#########-------------------############
##########---------------------###########
#########----------------------###########
#######-----------------------##########
#######---------- ----------##########
#####----------- P ----------#########
####----------- ----------########
###------------------------#######
#------------------------#####
#----------------------#####
-------------------###
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-2.36e+22 1.65e+22 -2.68e+21
1.65e+22 -1.05e+22 8.04e+21
-2.68e+21 8.04e+21 3.41e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20141228214338/index.html
|
Preferred Solution
The preferred solution from an analysis of the surface-wave spectral amplitude radiation pattern, waveform inversion and first motion observations is
STK = 220
DIP = 55
RAKE = -45
MW = 4.30
HS = 15.0
The NDK file is 20141228214338.ndk
The waveform inversion is preferred.
Moment Tensor Comparison
The following compares this source inversion to others
| SLU |
INGVTDMT |
SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2014/12/28 21:43:38:0 39.29 16.36 11.1 4.4 Italy
Stations used:
IV.CMPR IV.JOPP IV.MCEL IV.MCRV IV.MGR IV.MRLC IV.PALZ
IV.SALB IV.SERS MN.TIP
Filtering commands used:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 3.55e+22 dyne-cm
Mw = 4.30
Z = 15 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 220 55 -45
NP2 340 55 -135
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 3.55e+22 0 280
N 0.00e+00 35 10
P -3.55e+22 55 190
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx -1.05e+22
Mxy -8.04e+21
Mxz 1.65e+22
Myy 3.41e+22
Myz 2.68e+21
Mzz -2.36e+22
--------------
########--------------
##############---------#####
#################--###########
#################---##############
################-------#############
###############----------#############
##############-------------#############
###########----------------############
T ##########-----------------#############
#########-------------------############
##########---------------------###########
#########----------------------###########
#######-----------------------##########
#######---------- ----------##########
#####----------- P ----------#########
####----------- ----------########
###------------------------#######
#------------------------#####
#----------------------#####
-------------------###
--------------
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-2.36e+22 1.65e+22 -2.68e+21
1.65e+22 -1.05e+22 8.04e+21
-2.68e+21 8.04e+21 3.41e+22
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.IT/20141228214338/index.html
|
|
Waveform Inversion
The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the
and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
|
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Location of broadband stations used for waveform inversion
|
The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 1.0 190 50 -85 4.08 0.3904
WVFGRD96 2.0 65 90 50 4.15 0.4304
WVFGRD96 3.0 235 80 -50 4.15 0.4846
WVFGRD96 4.0 230 75 -45 4.15 0.5238
WVFGRD96 5.0 230 75 -50 4.21 0.5592
WVFGRD96 6.0 225 65 -50 4.22 0.5905
WVFGRD96 7.0 5 45 -100 4.29 0.6309
WVFGRD96 8.0 205 45 -70 4.28 0.6607
WVFGRD96 9.0 205 45 -70 4.28 0.6874
WVFGRD96 10.0 205 45 -70 4.28 0.6995
WVFGRD96 11.0 210 45 -60 4.28 0.7020
WVFGRD96 12.0 215 50 -55 4.27 0.7036
WVFGRD96 13.0 215 50 -55 4.28 0.7007
WVFGRD96 14.0 225 55 -40 4.28 0.6960
WVFGRD96 15.0 220 55 -45 4.30 0.7060
WVFGRD96 16.0 220 55 -45 4.31 0.7005
WVFGRD96 17.0 225 60 -40 4.31 0.6950
WVFGRD96 18.0 230 70 -35 4.30 0.6876
WVFGRD96 19.0 230 70 -30 4.31 0.6827
WVFGRD96 20.0 230 75 -30 4.31 0.6774
WVFGRD96 21.0 230 75 -30 4.32 0.6713
WVFGRD96 22.0 230 75 -30 4.33 0.6643
WVFGRD96 23.0 235 85 -30 4.33 0.6567
WVFGRD96 24.0 235 85 -30 4.33 0.6486
WVFGRD96 25.0 235 85 -30 4.34 0.6398
WVFGRD96 26.0 235 85 -30 4.35 0.6293
WVFGRD96 27.0 235 85 -30 4.36 0.6191
WVFGRD96 28.0 235 85 -30 4.37 0.6082
WVFGRD96 29.0 235 85 -25 4.40 0.5978
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 15.0 220 55 -45 4.30 0.7060
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
|
|
Figure 1. Waveform inversion focal mechanism
|
The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
|
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Figure 2. Depth sensitivity for waveform mechanism
|
The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted.
Each observed-predicted component is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. A pair of numbers is given in black at the right of each predicted traces. The upper number it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect.
A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The lower number gives the percentage of variance reduction to characterize the individual goodness of fit (100% indicates a perfect fit).
The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
cut o DIST/3.3 -30 o DIST/3.3 +70
rtr
taper w 0.1
hp c 0.02 n 3
lp c 0.06 n 3
|
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Figure 3. Waveform comparison for selected depth. Red: observed; Blue - predicted. The time shift with respect to the model prediction is indicated. The percent of fit is also indicated.
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|
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Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms.
Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure.
|
A check on the assumed source location is possible by looking at the time shifts between the observed and predicted traces. The time shifts for waveform matching arise for several reasons:
- The origin time and epicentral distance are incorrect
- The velocity model used for the inversion is incorrect
- The velocity model used to define the P-arrival time is not the
same as the velocity model used for the waveform inversion
(assuming that the initial trace alignment is based on the
P arrival time)
Assuming only a mislocation, the time shifts are fit to a functional form:
Time_shift = A + B cos Azimuth + C Sin Azimuth
The time shifts for this inversion lead to the next figure:
The derived shift in origin time and epicentral coordinates are given at the bottom of the figure.
Discussion
Velocity Model
The nnCIA used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01
C.It. A. Di Luzio et al Earth Plan Lettrs 280 (2009) 1-12 Fig 5. 7-8 MODEL/SURF3
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.5000 3.7497 2.1436 2.2753 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
3.0000 4.9399 2.8210 2.4858 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
3.0000 6.0129 3.4336 2.7058 0.500E-02 0.100E-01 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
7.0000 5.5516 3.1475 2.6093 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
15.0000 5.8805 3.3583 2.6770 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.0000 7.1059 4.0081 3.0002 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
8.0000 7.1000 3.9864 3.0120 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.4036 3.2760 0.167E-02 0.333E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Quality Control
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
DATE=Sun Dec 28 17:41:17 CST 2014
Last Changed 2014/12/28
