2009/04/09 00:52:59 42.4800 13.3400 5.0 5.20 CENTRAL ITALY
USGS Felt map for this earthquake
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2009/04/09 00:52:59:0 42.48 13.34 5.0 5.2 CENTRAL ITALY
Stations used:
CZ.KHC CZ.NKC CZ.OKC CZ.PVCC HU.BUD HU.PKSM HU.SOP MN.BNI
MN.CEL MN.CUC MN.PDG MN.TIP MN.TRI MN.TUE MN.VLC
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.0125 n 3
lp c 0.025 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 9.77e+23 dyne-cm
Mw = 5.26
Z = 8 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 325 50 -90
NP2 145 40 -90
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 9.77e+23 5 55
N 0.00e+00 -0 325
P -9.77e+23 85 235
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 3.17e+23
Mxy 4.52e+23
Mxz 9.73e+22
Myy 6.46e+23
Myz 1.39e+23
Mzz -9.62e+23
##############
######################
#---------##################
##-------------##############
###----------------############ T
####------------------########## #
####---------------------#############
#####-----------------------############
#####------------------------###########
#######------------------------###########
#######----------- -----------##########
########---------- P ------------#########
########---------- ------------#########
########-------------------------#######
#########------------------------#######
##########----------------------######
##########---------------------#####
###########-------------------####
############----------------##
##############------------##
######################
##############
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-9.62e+23 9.73e+22 -1.39e+23
9.73e+22 3.17e+23 -4.52e+23
-1.39e+23 -4.52e+23 6.46e+23
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/MECH.NA/20090409005259/index.html
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STK = 145
DIP = 40
RAKE = -90
MW = 5.26
HS = 8.0
The waveform inversion is preferred.
The following compares this source inversion to others
USGS/SLU Moment Tensor Solution
ENS 2009/04/09 00:52:59:0 42.48 13.34 5.0 5.2 CENTRAL ITALY
Stations used:
CZ.KHC CZ.NKC CZ.OKC CZ.PVCC HU.BUD HU.PKSM HU.SOP MN.BNI
MN.CEL MN.CUC MN.PDG MN.TIP MN.TRI MN.TUE MN.VLC
Filtering commands used:
hp c 0.0125 n 3
lp c 0.025 n 3
Best Fitting Double Couple
Mo = 9.77e+23 dyne-cm
Mw = 5.26
Z = 8 km
Plane Strike Dip Rake
NP1 325 50 -90
NP2 145 40 -90
Principal Axes:
Axis Value Plunge Azimuth
T 9.77e+23 5 55
N 0.00e+00 -0 325
P -9.77e+23 85 235
Moment Tensor: (dyne-cm)
Component Value
Mxx 3.17e+23
Mxy 4.52e+23
Mxz 9.73e+22
Myy 6.46e+23
Myz 1.39e+23
Mzz -9.62e+23
##############
######################
#---------##################
##-------------##############
###----------------############ T
####------------------########## #
####---------------------#############
#####-----------------------############
#####------------------------###########
#######------------------------###########
#######----------- -----------##########
########---------- P ------------#########
########---------- ------------#########
########-------------------------#######
#########------------------------#######
##########----------------------######
##########---------------------#####
###########-------------------####
############----------------##
##############------------##
######################
##############
Global CMT Convention Moment Tensor:
R T P
-9.62e+23 9.73e+22 -1.39e+23
9.73e+22 3.17e+23 -4.52e+23
-1.39e+23 -4.52e+23 6.46e+23
Details of the solution is found at
http://www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/MECH.NA/20090409005259/index.html
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The focal mechanism was determined using broadband seismic waveforms. The location of the event and the and stations used for the waveform inversion are shown in the next figure.
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The program wvfgrd96 was used with good traces observed at short distance to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment. This technique requires a high quality signal and well determined velocity model for the Green functions. To the extent that these are the quality data, this type of mechanism should be preferred over the radiation pattern technique which requires the separate step of defining the pressure and tension quadrants and the correct strike.
The observed and predicted traces are filtered using the following gsac commands:
hp c 0.0125 n 3 lp c 0.025 n 3The results of this grid search from 0.5 to 19 km depth are as follow:
DEPTH STK DIP RAKE MW FIT
WVFGRD96 0.5 180 55 -40 5.04 0.3283
WVFGRD96 1.0 355 55 -50 5.06 0.3433
WVFGRD96 2.0 170 45 -55 5.10 0.3740
WVFGRD96 3.0 165 45 -65 5.13 0.4065
WVFGRD96 4.0 160 45 -70 5.17 0.4286
WVFGRD96 5.0 145 40 -95 5.19 0.4443
WVFGRD96 6.0 145 40 -95 5.21 0.4486
WVFGRD96 7.0 330 50 -85 5.23 0.4432
WVFGRD96 8.0 145 40 -90 5.26 0.4708
WVFGRD96 9.0 145 40 -90 5.26 0.4538
WVFGRD96 10.0 150 40 -85 5.26 0.4278
WVFGRD96 11.0 150 40 -85 5.25 0.3970
WVFGRD96 12.0 155 40 -80 5.23 0.3652
WVFGRD96 13.0 150 35 -85 5.22 0.3402
WVFGRD96 14.0 190 85 5 5.11 0.3345
WVFGRD96 15.0 190 80 5 5.12 0.3316
WVFGRD96 16.0 190 80 5 5.12 0.3281
WVFGRD96 17.0 190 80 5 5.13 0.3250
WVFGRD96 18.0 195 75 15 5.12 0.3208
WVFGRD96 19.0 195 75 15 5.12 0.3188
The best solution is
WVFGRD96 8.0 145 40 -90 5.26 0.4708
The mechanism correspond to the best fit is
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The best fit as a function of depth is given in the following figure:
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The comparison of the observed and predicted waveforms is given in the next figure. The red traces are the observed and the blue are the predicted. Each observed-predicted componnet is plotted to the same scale and peak amplitudes are indicated by the numbers to the left of each trace. The number in black at the rightr of each predicted traces it the time shift required for maximum correlation between the observed and predicted traces. This time shift is required because the synthetics are not computed at exactly the same distance as the observed and because the velocity model used in the predictions may not be perfect. A positive time shift indicates that the prediction is too fast and should be delayed to match the observed trace (shift to the right in this figure). A negative value indicates that the prediction is too slow. The bandpass filter used in the processing and for the display was
hp c 0.0125 n 3 lp c 0.025 n 3
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| Focal mechanism sensitivity at the preferred depth. The red color indicates a very good fit to thewavefroms. Each solution is plotted as a vector at a given value of strike and dip with the angle of the vector representing the rake angle, measured, with respect to the upward vertical (N) in the figure. |
Should the national backbone of the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) be implemented with an interstation separation of 300 km, it is very likely that an earthquake such as this would have been recorded at distances on the order of 100-200 km. This means that the closest station would have information on source depth and mechanism that was lacking here.
Dr. Harley Benz, USGS, provided the USGS USNSN digital data. The digital data used in this study were provided by Natural Resources Canada through their AUTODRM site http://www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca/nwfa/autodrm/autodrm_req_e.php, and IRIS using their BUD interface.
Thanks also to the many seismic network operators whose dedication make this effort possible: University of Alaska, University of Washington, Oregon State University, University of Utah, Montana Bureas of Mines, UC Berkely, Caltech, UC San Diego, Saint L ouis University, Universityof Memphis, Lamont Doehrty Earth Observatory, Boston College, the Iris stations and the Transportable Array of EarthScope.
The WUS used for the waveform synthetic seismograms and for the surface wave eigenfunctions and dispersion is as follows:
MODEL.01
Model after 8 iterations
ISOTROPIC
KGS
FLAT EARTH
1-D
CONSTANT VELOCITY
LINE08
LINE09
LINE10
LINE11
H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS
1.9000 3.4065 2.0089 2.2150 0.302E-02 0.679E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
6.1000 5.5445 3.2953 2.6089 0.349E-02 0.784E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
13.0000 6.2708 3.7396 2.7812 0.212E-02 0.476E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
19.0000 6.4075 3.7680 2.8223 0.111E-02 0.249E-02 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
0.0000 7.9000 4.6200 3.2760 0.164E-10 0.370E-10 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Here we tabulate the reasons for not using certain digital data sets
The following stations did not have a valid response files:
DATE=Thu Apr 9 18:05:09 MDT 2009